lingkungan

Indonesian

Etymology

Affixed lingkung +‎ -an, inherited from Malay lingkungan, from Classical Malay lingkungan (“area”).

• The sense “environment” is a semantic loan from Dutch omgeving.
• The sense “circle, group” is a semantic loan from Dutch kring. Compare to loanword as Indonesian kring (“subdivision of a parish”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [lɪŋˈkʊŋan]
• Hyphenation: ling‧kung‧an
• Rhymes: -an, -n

Noun

lingkungan (plural lingkungan-lingkungan, first-person possessive lingkunganku, second-person possessive lingkunganmu, third-person possessive lingkungannya)

1. environment,
   1. the surroundings of, and influences on, a particular item of interest.
   2. the natural world or ecosystem.
   3. all the elements that affect a system or its inputs and outputs.
   4. (computing) the software and/or hardware existing on any particular computer system.
2. area, a particular geographic region.
3. circle, group.

   Synonyms: golongan, kalangan

4. (Catholicism) subdivision of a parish.

   Synonym: kring

5. (sociology) short for lingkungan tetangga (“neighbourhood”).

   Synonym: kejiranan (Standard Malay)

Synonyms

• (environment): alam sekitar (Standard Malay)
• (environment): persekitaran (Standard Malay)

Further reading

• “lingkungan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Malay

Etymology

Affixed lingkung +‎ -an.

Noun

lingkungan (plural lingkungan-lingkungan, informal 1st possessive lingkunganku, 2nd possessive lingkunganmu, 3rd possessive lingkungannya)

1. sphere
2. limit
3. area
4. radius
5. region
6. spectrum
7. enclosure

Descendants

• Indonesian: lingkungan

Further reading

• “lingkungan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.