pro
Translingual
editEtymology
editAbbreviation of English Provençal + abbreviation of English old.
Symbol
editpro
English
editPronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pɹəʊ/
Audio (Southern England): (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /pɹoʊ/
- Rhymes: -əʊ
Etymology 1
editFrom Late Middle English pro, from Latin prō (“on behalf of”).
Noun
editpro (plural pros)
- An advantage of something, especially when contrasted with its disadvantages (cons).
- A person who supports a concept or principle.
- Antonym: anti
Derived terms
editTranslations
editPreposition
editpro
- In favor of.
- Antonym: anti
- He is pro exercise but against physical exertion, quite a conundrum.
Translations
editEtymology 2
editClipping of professional.
Noun
editpro (plural pros)
- A professional sportsman.
- (colloquial) Professional.
- When it comes to DIY, he's a real pro.
Derived terms
editTranslations
edit
|
|
Adjective
editpro (comparative more pro, superlative most pro)
- Professional.
- He landed a pro mentorship gig.
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editClipping of prostitute.
Noun
editpro (plural pros)
- (slang) A prostitute.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
- Millie was one of the dozen or so pros who had a house at the top of the street.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
Derived terms
editEtymology 4
editNoun
editpro (plural pros)
- (UK, slang, archaic) A proproctor.
References
edit- John Camden Hotten (1873) The Slang Dictionary
Etymology 5
editClipping of prophylaxis.
Noun
editpro (plural pros)
- (slang, historical) A chemical prophylaxis taken after sex to avoid contracting venereal disease.
See also
editAnagrams
editCatalan
editPronunciation
editNoun
editpro m (plural pros)
Preposition
editpro
Chinese
editEtymology
editFrom clipping of English professional.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editpro
Synonyms
editSee also
editCzech
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old Czech pro, from Proto-Slavic *pro.
Preposition
editpro [with accusative]
- for
- Zabili ho pro peníze. ― They killed him for his money.
Etymology 2
editNoun
editpro n (indeclinable)
- pro (advantage)
Further reading
editEsperanto
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Preposition
editpro
- caused by, because of, owing to, due to
- motivated by, for the sake of, on account of, for
- in exchange for
See also
editFinnish
editEtymology 1
editLearned borrowing from Latin pro or Ancient Greek πρό (pró).
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editpro (not comparable) [with nominative]
- instead of, rather than
- Synonym: sijaan
- Sana taipuu kusi:kusen (pro "kusin").
- The word is inflected kusi:kusen (not "kusin").
References
edit- Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)[1] (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
Further reading
edit- “1. pro”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
Etymology 2
editBorrowed from English pro, from professional.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editpro (not comparable) (colloquial)
Declension
editInflection of pro (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | pro | prot | |
genitive | pron | proiden proitten | |
partitive | prota | proita | |
illative | prohon | proihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | pro | prot | |
accusative | nom. | pro | prot |
gen. | pron | ||
genitive | pron | proiden proitten | |
partitive | prota | proita | |
inessive | prossa | proissa | |
elative | prosta | proista | |
illative | prohon | proihin | |
adessive | prolla | proilla | |
ablative | prolta | proilta | |
allative | prolle | proille | |
essive | prona | proina | |
translative | proksi | proiksi | |
abessive | protta | proitta | |
instructive | — | proin | |
comitative | — | proine |
Further reading
edit- “2. pro”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
French
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editClipping of professionnel(le).
Adjective
editpro (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Il est très pro.
- He's a real pro.
Noun
editpro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Elle est une vraie pro.
- She's a real pro.
- (informal) a whiz, someone who is very good at something
- Nous avons affaire à un pro !
- We're dealing with a pro!
Further reading
edit- “pro”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Etymology 2
editFrom prochain.
Adjective
editpro (plural pros)
German
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Latin prō (“for”).
Pronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Preposition
editpro [with accusative or dative or nominative]
- per, each
- Synonyms: je, für
- Samt Mehrwertsteuer ergibt sich ein Kaufpreis von rund 30 Euro pro Stück
- After VAT the price comes to around 30 euros each.
- Der durchschnittliche Pro-Kopf-Konsum von Bier in Deutschland im Jahr 2018 summierte sich auf rund 101,1 Liter.
- Average beer consumption in Germany in 2018 came to 101.1 liters per head.
Usage notes
edit- Followed by a noun in either the accusative, dative or nominative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden:
- pro gefahrenen / gefahrenem Kilometer ― per kilometer travelled
- pro verkauftes / verkauftem Exemplar ― for every copy sold
- The accusative is the most prescriptive and most formal sounding case.
- The nominative is especially popular when a bare noun (i.e. without adjectives or other modifiers) follows the preposition:
- pro Mensch NOM >> pro Menschen ACC / DAT
- pro Kollege NOM >> pro Kollegen ACC / DAT
- When used in a Latin phrase, the ablative is used according to the rules of Latin grammar: pars pro toto or Pars pro Toto, and pro forma or pro Forma.
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “pro, je, zu, jeweils, für” in Duden online
- “pro, für, dafür” in Duden online
- “pro” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Ido
editPreposition
editpro
Indonesian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editLearned borrowing from Latin pro.
Adjective
editpro
- (colloquial) pro, in favor of.
- Synonym: setuju
- more.
- Synonym: lebih
Etymology 2
editFrom clipping of profesional (“professional”).
Noun
editpro (plural pro-pro)
- Clipping of profesional (“professional”).
Further reading
edit- “pro” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Latin prō, which is the predecessor of French pour, Italian pro and Spanish para via Vulgar Latin por. See also por.
Pronunciation
editPreposition
editpro
- for, to, for the sake of, not against
- Ille ha un dono pro te.
- He has a gift for you.
- Io ha votate pro iste candidato.
- I've voted for this candidate.
- Medicamento pro uso interne.
- Medication for internal use
- in place of, in exchange for, in return for
- Illa prendeva le robo pro solmente vinti euros!
- She got the dress for only twenty euros!
- (+ infinitive) to, in order to (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
- Io vole cantar pro facer te retornar.
- I want to sing to make you return.
Italian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Latin prō (“for, on behalf of”).
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/°, /pro/° (preposition)
- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/* (noun)
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Hyphenation: prò
- The preposition does not trigger syntactic gemination in the following word, but the noun does.
Preposition
editpro
Related terms
editNoun
editpro m (invariable)
- (dated) good, benefit, advantage, weal
- 1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno, Le Monnier, published 1994, Canto II, p. 29, vv. 109-111:
- Al mondo non fur mai persone ratte ¶ a far lor pro o a fuggir lor danno, ¶ com'io, dopo cotai parole fatte.
- Never were persons in the world so swift ¶ to work their weal and to escape their woe, ¶ as I, after such words as these were uttered.
- pro (as in English “pros and cons”)
Etymology 2
editPronunciation
editNoun
editpro m (invariable)
Ladin
editNoun
editpro m (plural pro)
Latin
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Italic *prō, from an innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ derived from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).
Use with accusative nouns is originally by analogy to ante, amplified in Late Latin due to the merger of other cases with the accusative.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /proː/, [proː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /pro/, [prɔː]
Preposition
editprō (+ ablative, accusative) (accusative in Late Latin)
- for
- on behalf of, in the interest of, for the sake of
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- 𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd. - Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- before, in front of
- instead of
- about
- according to
- as, like
- as befitting
Derived terms
edit- mōs prō lēge (literally “custom for law”)
- pars prō tōtō (literally “part for the whole”)
- prō fōrmā (literally “for (the sake of) form”)
- prō rata
- prō salūte Imperātōris
- prō tantō
- prōnus
- prope
- prōtinus
- quid prō quō
- semel prō semper (“once and for all”)
Descendants
edit- Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)
- Sardinian: pro, po
- → English: pro
- → Finnish: pro
- → German: pro
- → Indonesian: pro
- → Portuguese: pró
References
edit- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- pro in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- pro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro viribus or pro mea parte
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro virili parte (cf. sect. V. 22.)
- to die for one's country: mortem occumbere pro patria
- to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: vitam profundere pro patria
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: se morti offerre pro salute patriae
- according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore
- according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re
- to avoid no risk in order to..: nullum periculum recusare pro
- to show gratitude (in one's acts): gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re
- to thank a person (in words): gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re
- to return good for evil: pro maleficiis beneficia reddere
- according to a man's deserts: ex, pro merito
- to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter: pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut
- this much I can vouch for: illud pro certo affirmare licet
- to quote an argument in favour of immortality: argumentum immortalitatis afferre (not pro)
- this goes to prove what I say: hoc est a (pro) me
- the matter speaks for itself: res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur
- to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): verbum pro verbo reddere
- to be security for some one: sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo
- to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf: ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo or pro aliqua re
- to give some one satisfaction for an injury: satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis
- to tell lies: falsa (pro veris) dicere
- a religious war: bellum pro religionibus susceptum
- to sacrifice human victims: pro victimis homines immolare
- to fight for hearth and home: pro aris et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare
- to support a bill (before the people): pro lege dicere
- to go to Cilicia as pro-consul: pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci
- to give evidence on some one's behalf: testimonium dicere pro aliquo
- to state as evidence: pro testimonio dicere
- to defend a person: causam dicere pro aliquo
- to punish some one: ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)
- to be on duty before the gates: stationes agere pro portis
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- pro in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[5], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
Luxembourgish
editEtymology
editFrom Latin.
Pronunciation
editPreposition
editpro
Middle English
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editpro
Descendants
edit- English: pro
References
edit- “prō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-07-10.
Occitan
editPronunciation
editPreposition
editpro
Old French
editEtymology 1
editPreposition
editpro
- (very early Old French) Alternative form of por
Etymology 2
editFrom Late Latin prōde. Doublet of preu.
Alternative forms
editNoun
editpro oblique singular, m (nominative singular pro)
- profit, advantage
- ca. 1050, Vie de Saint Alexis :
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- Good was the time of the ancients, as there was trust, in which nowadays there is no profit. Everything has changed and has lost its color.
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- 11th century, Chanson de Roland, 221-222 :
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
- (Ganelon speaks to Charlemaigne) And he said to the king, "You should never believe a madman: [believe] neither me nor anyone else, unless it is of your advantage. [...]"
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
Descendants
edit- French: prou (in the idiom peu ou prou)
Old Spanish
editEtymology
editFrom Late Latin prōde (“useful”), perhaps via Old Occitan pro.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editpro f (usually uncountable)
- usefulness, advantage, benefit
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:
- Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. […]
- “Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! […] ”
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mio Cid 1374:
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- We would do well marrying his daughters, out of need for [our own] benefit.
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 1913:
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
- I want to always support the Cid.
- (literally, “I want to walk for my Cid in every advantage.”)
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
Related terms
editPortuguese
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editContraction of pra o.
Pronunciation
edit
- Hyphenation: pro
Contraction
editpro (feminine pra, masculine plural pros, feminine plural pras)
- (colloquial) Contraction of pra o (“for/to the (masculine singular)”).
- Ana foi pros Estados Unidos, num foi? (=para os)
- Ana went to the United States, didn't she?
Sardinian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editPreposition
editpro
Spanish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old Spanish pro, from Late Latin prōde (“useful”).
Noun
editpro m (plural pros)
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editA recent Latinism, borrowed from Latin prō; see above. Doublet of por.
Preposition
editpro
Usage notes
editEtymology 3
editA very recent anglicism, borrowed from English pro.
Noun
editpro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- pro (professional)
- Ella es toda una pro.
- She's a real pro.
Adjective
editpro m or f (masculine and feminine plural pro or pros)
- pro (professional)
- Los atletas pro llegaron ayer, los otros vienen hoy.
- The pro athletes arrived yesterday, the rest are coming today.
- 2016, Club de la Lucha, 2016-01-12 Entrevista The Fight Cub Torre Del Mar:https://www.clubdelalucha.es/blog/entrevistas/entrevista-the-fight-cub-torre-del-mar
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
- We've had pro and newbie fighters, but right now they're not active.
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
Further reading
edit- “pro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
Volapük
editPreposition
editpro
- for
- 1938, “Pö yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:
- Yel epasetiköl no ebinon bönik pro muf obsik.
- The past year has not been favorable for our movement.
- 1938, “Ge lü Volapük!”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, pages 17-19:
- If xamobs yufapükis dabinöl, täno mutobs dasevön, das ons valik jenöfo binons geboviks pro disein.
- If we examine the existing auxiliary languages, we must admit that they are all indeed useful for the purpose.
- Translingual abbreviations
- Translingual terms derived from English
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- Translingual symbols
- ISO 639-2
- ISO 639-3
- English 1-syllable words
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- Rhymes:English/əʊ
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- English terms inherited from Middle English
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- en:People
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- Italian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per-
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian 1-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/ɔ
- Rhymes:Italian/ɔ/1 syllable
- Rhymes:Italian/o
- Rhymes:Italian/o/1 syllable
- Italian lemmas
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- Middle English terms borrowed from Latin
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- Spanish prepositions
- Spanish terms borrowed from English
- Spanish terms derived from English
- Spanish nouns with irregular gender
- Spanish feminine nouns
- Spanish nouns with multiple genders
- Spanish masculine and feminine nouns by sense
- Spanish terms with usage examples
- Spanish adjectives
- Spanish epicene adjectives
- Spanish terms with quotations
- Volapük lemmas
- Volapük prepositions
- Volapük terms with quotations