(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
IPA(key): /ǃâːla/
-qâla
- (intransitive) to begin, to start, to commence
- (transitive) to begin, to start, to initiate, to set off
- (transitive) to provoke, to start a fight with
- (transitive) to launch
Tone HH
|
Infinitive
|
ukuqala
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuqala
|
ukungaqali
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
qala
|
-qale
|
Plural
|
qalani
|
-qaleni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyaqala, ngiqala
|
engiqalayo, engiqala
|
ngiqala
|
angiqali
|
engingaqali
|
ngingaqali
|
2nd singular
|
uyaqala, uqala
|
oqalayo, oqala
|
uqala
|
awuqali
|
ongaqali
|
ungaqali
|
1st plural
|
siyaqala, siqala
|
esiqalayo, esiqala
|
siqala
|
asiqali
|
esingaqali
|
singaqali
|
2nd plural
|
niyaqala, niqala
|
eniqalayo, eniqala
|
niqala
|
aniqali
|
eningaqali
|
ningaqali
|
Class 1
|
uyaqala, uqala
|
oqalayo, oqala
|
eqala
|
akaqali
|
ongaqali
|
engaqali
|
Class 2
|
bayaqala, baqala
|
abaqalayo, abaqala
|
beqala
|
abaqali
|
abangaqali
|
bengaqali
|
Class 3
|
uyaqala, uqala
|
oqalayo, oqala
|
uqala
|
awuqali
|
ongaqali
|
ungaqali
|
Class 4
|
iyaqala, iqala
|
eqalayo, eqala
|
iqala
|
ayiqali
|
engaqali
|
ingaqali
|
Class 5
|
liyaqala, liqala
|
eliqalayo, eliqala
|
liqala
|
aliqali
|
elingaqali
|
lingaqali
|
Class 6
|
ayaqala, aqala
|
aqalayo, aqala
|
eqala
|
awaqali
|
angaqali
|
engaqali
|
Class 7
|
siyaqala, siqala
|
esiqalayo, esiqala
|
siqala
|
asiqali
|
esingaqali
|
singaqali
|
Class 8
|
ziyaqala, ziqala
|
eziqalayo, eziqala
|
ziqala
|
aziqali
|
ezingaqali
|
zingaqali
|
Class 9
|
iyaqala, iqala
|
eqalayo, eqala
|
iqala
|
ayiqali
|
engaqali
|
ingaqali
|
Class 10
|
ziyaqala, ziqala
|
eziqalayo, eziqala
|
ziqala
|
aziqali
|
ezingaqali
|
zingaqali
|
Class 11
|
luyaqala, luqala
|
oluqalayo, oluqala
|
luqala
|
aluqali
|
olungaqali
|
lungaqali
|
Class 14
|
buyaqala, buqala
|
obuqalayo, obuqala
|
buqala
|
abuqali
|
obungaqali
|
bungaqali
|
Class 15
|
kuyaqala, kuqala
|
okuqalayo, okuqala
|
kuqala
|
akuqali
|
okungaqali
|
kungaqali
|
Class 17
|
kuyaqala, kuqala
|
okuqalayo, okuqala
|
kuqala
|
akuqali
|
okungaqali
|
kungaqali
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiqalile, ngiqalē
|
engiqalile, engiqalē
|
ngiqalile, ngiqalē
|
angiqalanga
|
engingaqalanga
|
ngingaqalanga
|
2nd singular
|
uqalile, uqalē
|
oqalile, oqalē
|
uqalile, uqalē
|
awuqalanga
|
ongaqalanga
|
ungaqalanga
|
1st plural
|
siqalile, siqalē
|
esiqalile, esiqalē
|
siqalile, siqalē
|
asiqalanga
|
esingaqalanga
|
singaqalanga
|
2nd plural
|
niqalile, niqalē
|
eniqalile, eniqalē
|
niqalile, niqalē
|
aniqalanga
|
eningaqalanga
|
ningaqalanga
|
Class 1
|
uqalile, uqalē
|
oqalile, oqalē
|
eqalile, eqalē
|
akaqalanga
|
ongaqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
Class 2
|
baqalile, baqalē
|
abaqalile, abaqalē
|
beqalile, beqalē
|
abaqalanga
|
abangaqalanga
|
bengaqalanga
|
Class 3
|
uqalile, uqalē
|
oqalile, oqalē
|
uqalile, uqalē
|
awuqalanga
|
ongaqalanga
|
ungaqalanga
|
Class 4
|
iqalile, iqalē
|
eqalile, eqalē
|
iqalile, iqalē
|
ayiqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
ingaqalanga
|
Class 5
|
liqalile, liqalē
|
eliqalile, eliqalē
|
liqalile, liqalē
|
aliqalanga
|
elingaqalanga
|
lingaqalanga
|
Class 6
|
aqalile, aqalē
|
aqalile, aqalē
|
eqalile, eqalē
|
awaqalanga
|
angaqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
Class 7
|
siqalile, siqalē
|
esiqalile, esiqalē
|
siqalile, siqalē
|
asiqalanga
|
esingaqalanga
|
singaqalanga
|
Class 8
|
ziqalile, ziqalē
|
eziqalile, eziqalē
|
ziqalile, ziqalē
|
aziqalanga
|
ezingaqalanga
|
zingaqalanga
|
Class 9
|
iqalile, iqalē
|
eqalile, eqalē
|
iqalile, iqalē
|
ayiqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
ingaqalanga
|
Class 10
|
ziqalile, ziqalē
|
eziqalile, eziqalē
|
ziqalile, ziqalē
|
aziqalanga
|
ezingaqalanga
|
zingaqalanga
|
Class 11
|
luqalile, luqalē
|
oluqalile, oluqalē
|
luqalile, luqalē
|
aluqalanga
|
olungaqalanga
|
lungaqalanga
|
Class 14
|
buqalile, buqalē
|
obuqalile, obuqalē
|
buqalile, buqalē
|
abuqalanga
|
obungaqalanga
|
bungaqalanga
|
Class 15
|
kuqalile, kuqalē
|
okuqalile, okuqalē
|
kuqalile, kuqalē
|
akuqalanga
|
okungaqalanga
|
kungaqalanga
|
Class 17
|
kuqalile, kuqalē
|
okuqalile, okuqalē
|
kuqalile, kuqalē
|
akuqalanga
|
okungaqalanga
|
kungaqalanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāqala
|
engāqala
|
ngāqala
|
angiqalanga
|
engingaqalanga
|
ngingaqalanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāqala
|
owāqala
|
wāqala
|
awuqalanga
|
ongaqalanga
|
ungaqalanga
|
1st plural
|
sāqala
|
esāqala
|
sāqala
|
asiqalanga
|
esingaqalanga
|
singaqalanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāqala
|
enāqala
|
nāqala
|
aniqalanga
|
eningaqalanga
|
ningaqalanga
|
Class 1
|
wāqala
|
owāqala
|
āqala
|
akaqalanga
|
ongaqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
Class 2
|
bāqala
|
abāqala
|
bāqala
|
abaqalanga
|
abangaqalanga
|
bengaqalanga
|
Class 3
|
wāqala
|
owāqala
|
wāqala
|
awuqalanga
|
ongaqalanga
|
ungaqalanga
|
Class 4
|
yāqala
|
eyāqala
|
yāqala
|
ayiqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
ingaqalanga
|
Class 5
|
lāqala
|
elāqala
|
lāqala
|
aliqalanga
|
elingaqalanga
|
lingaqalanga
|
Class 6
|
āqala
|
āqala
|
āqala
|
awaqalanga
|
angaqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
Class 7
|
sāqala
|
esāqala
|
sāqala
|
asiqalanga
|
esingaqalanga
|
singaqalanga
|
Class 8
|
zāqala
|
ezāqala
|
zāqala
|
aziqalanga
|
ezingaqalanga
|
zingaqalanga
|
Class 9
|
yāqala
|
eyāqala
|
yāqala
|
ayiqalanga
|
engaqalanga
|
ingaqalanga
|
Class 10
|
zāqala
|
ezāqala
|
zāqala
|
aziqalanga
|
ezingaqalanga
|
zingaqalanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāqala
|
olwāqala
|
lwāqala
|
aluqalanga
|
olungaqalanga
|
lungaqalanga
|
Class 14
|
bāqala
|
obāqala
|
bāqala
|
abuqalanga
|
obungaqalanga
|
bungaqalanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāqala
|
okwāqala
|
kwāqala
|
akuqalanga
|
okungaqalanga
|
kungaqalanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāqala
|
okwāqala
|
kwāqala
|
akuqalanga
|
okungaqalanga
|
kungaqalanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingaqala
|
—
|
ngingaqala
|
ngingeqale
|
—
|
ngingeqale
|
2nd singular
|
ungaqala
|
—
|
ungaqala
|
ungeqale
|
—
|
ungeqale
|
1st plural
|
singaqala
|
—
|
singaqala
|
singeqale
|
—
|
singeqale
|
2nd plural
|
ningaqala
|
—
|
ningaqala
|
ningeqale
|
—
|
ningeqale
|
Class 1
|
angaqala
|
—
|
engaqala
|
angeqale
|
—
|
engeqale
|
Class 2
|
bangaqala
|
—
|
bengaqala
|
bangeqale
|
—
|
bengeqale
|
Class 3
|
ungaqala
|
—
|
ungaqala
|
ungeqale
|
—
|
ungeqale
|
Class 4
|
ingaqala
|
—
|
ingaqala
|
ingeqale
|
—
|
ingeqale
|
Class 5
|
lingaqala
|
—
|
lingaqala
|
lingeqale
|
—
|
lingeqale
|
Class 6
|
angaqala
|
—
|
engaqala
|
angeqale
|
—
|
engeqale
|
Class 7
|
singaqala
|
—
|
singaqala
|
singeqale
|
—
|
singeqale
|
Class 8
|
zingaqala
|
—
|
zingaqala
|
zingeqale
|
—
|
zingeqale
|
Class 9
|
ingaqala
|
—
|
ingaqala
|
ingeqale
|
—
|
ingeqale
|
Class 10
|
zingaqala
|
—
|
zingaqala
|
zingeqale
|
—
|
zingeqale
|
Class 11
|
lungaqala
|
—
|
lungaqala
|
lungeqale
|
—
|
lungeqale
|
Class 14
|
bungaqala
|
—
|
bungaqala
|
bungeqale
|
—
|
bungeqale
|
Class 15
|
kungaqala
|
—
|
kungaqala
|
kungeqale
|
—
|
kungeqale
|
Class 17
|
kungaqala
|
—
|
kungaqala
|
kungeqale
|
—
|
kungeqale
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizoqala
|
engizoqala
|
ngizoqala
|
angizuqala
|
engingezuqala
|
ngingezuqala
|
2nd singular
|
uzoqala
|
ozoqala
|
uzoqala
|
awuzuqala
|
ongezuqala
|
ungezuqala
|
1st plural
|
sizoqala
|
esizoqala
|
sizoqala
|
asizuqala
|
esingezuqala
|
singezuqala
|
2nd plural
|
nizoqala
|
enizoqala
|
nizoqala
|
anizuqala
|
eningezuqala
|
ningezuqala
|
Class 1
|
uzoqala
|
ozoqala
|
ezoqala
|
akazuqala
|
ongezuqala
|
engezuqala
|
Class 2
|
bazoqala
|
abazoqala
|
bezoqala
|
abazuqala
|
abangezuqala
|
bengezuqala
|
Class 3
|
uzoqala
|
ozoqala
|
uzoqala
|
awuzuqala
|
ongezuqala
|
ungezuqala
|
Class 4
|
izoqala
|
ezoqala
|
izoqala
|
ayizuqala
|
engezuqala
|
ingezuqala
|
Class 5
|
lizoqala
|
elizoqala
|
lizoqala
|
alizuqala
|
elingezuqala
|
lingezuqala
|
Class 6
|
azoqala
|
azoqala
|
ezoqala
|
awazuqala
|
angezuqala
|
engezuqala
|
Class 7
|
sizoqala
|
esizoqala
|
sizoqala
|
asizuqala
|
esingezuqala
|
singezuqala
|
Class 8
|
zizoqala
|
ezizoqala
|
zizoqala
|
azizuqala
|
ezingezuqala
|
zingezuqala
|
Class 9
|
izoqala
|
ezoqala
|
izoqala
|
ayizuqala
|
engezuqala
|
ingezuqala
|
Class 10
|
zizoqala
|
ezizoqala
|
zizoqala
|
azizuqala
|
ezingezuqala
|
zingezuqala
|
Class 11
|
luzoqala
|
oluzoqala
|
luzoqala
|
aluzuqala
|
olungezuqala
|
lungezuqala
|
Class 14
|
buzoqala
|
obuzoqala
|
buzoqala
|
abuzuqala
|
obungezuqala
|
bungezuqala
|
Class 15
|
kuzoqala
|
okuzoqala
|
kuzoqala
|
akuzuqala
|
okungezuqala
|
kungezuqala
|
Class 17
|
kuzoqala
|
okuzoqala
|
kuzoqala
|
akuzuqala
|
okungezuqala
|
kungezuqala
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyoqala
|
engiyoqala
|
ngiyoqala
|
angiyuqala
|
engingeyuqala
|
ngingeyuqala
|
2nd singular
|
uyoqala
|
oyoqala
|
uyoqala
|
awuyuqala
|
ongeyuqala
|
ungeyuqala
|
1st plural
|
siyoqala
|
esiyoqala
|
siyoqala
|
asiyuqala
|
esingeyuqala
|
singeyuqala
|
2nd plural
|
niyoqala
|
eniyoqala
|
niyoqala
|
aniyuqala
|
eningeyuqala
|
ningeyuqala
|
Class 1
|
uyoqala
|
oyoqala
|
eyoqala
|
akayuqala
|
ongeyuqala
|
engeyuqala
|
Class 2
|
bayoqala
|
abayoqala
|
beyoqala
|
abayuqala
|
abangeyuqala
|
bengeyuqala
|
Class 3
|
uyoqala
|
oyoqala
|
uyoqala
|
awuyuqala
|
ongeyuqala
|
ungeyuqala
|
Class 4
|
iyoqala
|
eyoqala
|
iyoqala
|
ayiyuqala
|
engeyuqala
|
ingeyuqala
|
Class 5
|
liyoqala
|
eliyoqala
|
liyoqala
|
aliyuqala
|
elingeyuqala
|
lingeyuqala
|
Class 6
|
ayoqala
|
ayoqala
|
eyoqala
|
awayuqala
|
angeyuqala
|
engeyuqala
|
Class 7
|
siyoqala
|
esiyoqala
|
siyoqala
|
asiyuqala
|
esingeyuqala
|
singeyuqala
|
Class 8
|
ziyoqala
|
eziyoqala
|
ziyoqala
|
aziyuqala
|
ezingeyuqala
|
zingeyuqala
|
Class 9
|
iyoqala
|
eyoqala
|
iyoqala
|
ayiyuqala
|
engeyuqala
|
ingeyuqala
|
Class 10
|
ziyoqala
|
eziyoqala
|
ziyoqala
|
aziyuqala
|
ezingeyuqala
|
zingeyuqala
|
Class 11
|
luyoqala
|
oluyoqala
|
luyoqala
|
aluyuqala
|
olungeyuqala
|
lungeyuqala
|
Class 14
|
buyoqala
|
obuyoqala
|
buyoqala
|
abuyuqala
|
obungeyuqala
|
bungeyuqala
|
Class 15
|
kuyoqala
|
okuyoqala
|
kuyoqala
|
akuyuqala
|
okungeyuqala
|
kungeyuqala
|
Class 17
|
kuyoqala
|
okuyoqala
|
kuyoqala
|
akuyuqala
|
okungeyuqala
|
kungeyuqala
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngiqale
|
ngingaqali
|
2nd singular
|
uqale
|
ungaqali
|
1st plural
|
siqale
|
singaqali
|
2nd plural
|
niqale
|
ningaqali
|
Class 1
|
aqale
|
angaqali
|
Class 2
|
baqale
|
bangaqali
|
Class 3
|
uqale
|
ungaqali
|
Class 4
|
iqale
|
ingaqali
|
Class 5
|
liqale
|
lingaqali
|
Class 6
|
aqale
|
angaqali
|
Class 7
|
siqale
|
singaqali
|
Class 8
|
ziqale
|
zingaqali
|
Class 9
|
iqale
|
ingaqali
|
Class 10
|
ziqale
|
zingaqali
|
Class 11
|
luqale
|
lungaqali
|
Class 14
|
buqale
|
bungaqali
|
Class 15
|
kuqale
|
kungaqali
|
Class 17
|
kuqale
|
kungaqali
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngaqala
|
ngangaqala, angaqala, angangaqala
|
2nd singular
|
waqala
|
wangaqala, awaqala, awangaqala
|
1st plural
|
saqala
|
sangaqala, asaqala, asangaqala
|
2nd plural
|
naqala
|
nangaqala, anaqala, anangaqala
|
Class 1
|
waqala
|
wangaqala, akaqala, akangaqala
|
Class 2
|
baqala
|
bangaqala, abaqala, abangaqala
|
Class 3
|
waqala
|
wangaqala, awaqala, awangaqala
|
Class 4
|
yaqala
|
yangaqala, ayaqala, ayangaqala
|
Class 5
|
laqala
|
langaqala, alaqala, alangaqala
|
Class 6
|
aqala
|
angaqala, awaqala, awangaqala
|
Class 7
|
saqala
|
sangaqala, asaqala, asangaqala
|
Class 8
|
zaqala
|
zangaqala, azaqala, azangaqala
|
Class 9
|
yaqala
|
yangaqala, ayaqala, ayangaqala
|
Class 10
|
zaqala
|
zangaqala, azaqala, azangaqala
|
Class 11
|
lwaqala
|
lwangaqala, alwaqala, alwangaqala
|
Class 14
|
baqala
|
bangaqala, abaqala, abangaqala
|
Class 15
|
kwaqala
|
kwangaqala, akwaqala, akwangaqala
|
Class 17
|
kwaqala
|
kwangaqala, akwaqala, akwangaqala
|