refringo

Latin

Etymology

From re- +‎ frangō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /reˈfrin.ɡoː/, [rɛˈfrɪŋɡoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈfrin.ɡo/, [reˈfriŋɡo]

Verb

refringō (present infinitive refringere, perfect active refrēgī, supine refrāctum); third conjugation

1. to break up or open
2. (physics) to refract

Conjugation

   Conjugation of refringō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	refringō	refringis	refringit	refringimus	refringitis	refringunt
	imperfect	refringēbam	refringēbās	refringēbat	refringēbāmus	refringēbātis	refringēbant
	future	refringam	refringēs	refringet	refringēmus	refringētis	refringent
	perfect	refrēgī	refrēgistī	refrēgit	refrēgimus	refrēgistis	refrēgērunt, refrēgēre
	pluperfect	refrēgeram	refrēgerās	refrēgerat	refrēgerāmus	refrēgerātis	refrēgerant
	future perfect	refrēgerō	refrēgeris	refrēgerit	refrēgerimus	refrēgeritis	refrēgerint
passive	present	refringor	refringeris, refringere	refringitur	refringimur	refringiminī	refringuntur
	imperfect	refringēbar	refringēbāris, refringēbāre	refringēbātur	refringēbāmur	refringēbāminī	refringēbantur
	future	refringar	refringēris, refringēre	refringētur	refringēmur	refringēminī	refringentur
	perfect	refrāctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	refrāctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	refrāctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	refringam	refringās	refringat	refringāmus	refringātis	refringant
imperfect	refringerem	refringerēs	refringeret	refringerēmus	refringerētis	refringerent
perfect	refrēgerim	refrēgerīs	refrēgerit	refrēgerīmus	refrēgerītis	refrēgerint
pluperfect	refrēgissem	refrēgissēs	refrēgisset	refrēgissēmus	refrēgissētis	refrēgissent
passive	present	refringar	refringāris, refringāre	refringātur	refringāmur	refringāminī	refringantur
imperfect	refringerer	refringerēris, refringerēre	refringerētur	refringerēmur	refringerēminī	refringerentur
perfect	refrāctus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect	refrāctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	refringe	—	—	refringite	—
	future	—	refringitō	refringitō	—	refringitōte	refringuntō
passive	present	—	refringere	—	—	refringiminī	—
	future	—	refringitor	refringitor	—	—	refringuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		refringere	refrēgisse	refrāctūrum esse	refringī	refrāctum esse	refrāctum īrī
participles		refringēns	—	refrāctūrus	—	refrāctus	refringendus, refringundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		refringendī	refringendō	refringendum	refringendō	refrāctum	refrāctū

Descendants

• → Catalan: refringir
• Old French: refraindre
  • → English: refrain
  • French: refrain
• → Sicilian: rifrànciri
• → Spanish: refringir

References

• “refringo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “refringo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• refringo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to destroy a despotism, tyranny: dominationem or dominatum refringere
    
  • to break down the gates: portas refringere