See also: Rufen

German

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Etymology

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From Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German ruofan, hruofan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną. Cognate with Dutch roepen, English roop, which see. Alongside there existed a weak Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German (h)ruofen. Weak conjugation is attestable until the 19th century. It indirectly lingers in the umlautless present forms, as against obsolete du rüfst, er rüft. (Lack of umlaut on rounded diphthong before labial is regular in Upper German, but it has only established itself here, not in laufen and saufen.)

Pronunciation

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Verb

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rufen (class 7 strong, third-person singular present ruft, past tense rief, past participle gerufen, auxiliary haben)

  1. (intransitive) to call out; to shout; to cry; to shriek
    Synonym: schreien
    Antonym: flüstern
    um Hilfe rufento cry for help
  2. (intransitive) to call for, to request the presence of [with nach (+ dative) ‘someone/something’]
  3. (transitive) to call (something) out
    Synonyms: äußern, schreien, verkünden
    Antonyms: flüstern, schweigen
  4. to ask, to call for [with dative ‘someone’ and zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]
    Synonym: bitten
    Antonym: befehlen
    jemandem zu antworten rufento ask someone to answer
  5. (transitive) to call (someone), e.g. by telephone

Conjugation

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Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • rufen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
  • rufen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
  • rufen” in Duden online
  • rufen” in OpenThesaurus.de
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