ruga
English
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editruga (plural rugae)
- (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
- 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:
- Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]
- 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:
- the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky
Derived terms
edit- rugate (adjective)
Translations
editReferences
edit- “ruga”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- “ruga”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
Anagrams
editAfar
editPronunciation 1
editNoun
editrúga m (plural rugaagí f)
Declension
editDeclension of rúga | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
absolutive | rúga | |||||||||||||||||
predicative | rúga | |||||||||||||||||
subjective | rugí | |||||||||||||||||
genitive | rugí | |||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
edit- (diminutive) rugáytu
Pronunciation 2
editNoun
editrugá f (plural rugaagí f)
Declension
editDeclension of rugá | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
absolutive | rugá | |||||||||||||||||
predicative | rugá | |||||||||||||||||
subjective | rugá | |||||||||||||||||
genitive | rugá | |||||||||||||||||
|
References
edit- E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
Catalan
editPronunciation
editNoun
editruga f (plural rugues)
- Alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)
Italian
editEtymology
editFrom Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editruga f (plural rughe)
Derived terms
editAnagrams
editKikuyu
editPronunciation
editVerb
editruga (infinitive kũruga)
- to cook
Derived terms
edit(Nouns)
- mũrugi class 1
(Verbs)
(Proverbs)
References
edit- Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).
Latin
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate"[1] → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle".[2] Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”).
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈruː.ɡa/, [ˈruːɡä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/, [ˈruːɡä]
Noun
editrūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension
- (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
- (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
- (Early Medieval Latin) a street[3]
Inflection
editFirst-declension noun.
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | rūga | rūgae |
genitive | rūgae | rūgārum |
dative | rūgae | rūgīs |
accusative | rūgam | rūgās |
ablative | rūgā | rūgīs |
vocative | rūga | rūgae |
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2000 November) “Reconsidering Dutch rups, German Raupe 'caterpillar'”, in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, volume 54, number 1, Brill Publishers, page 160:
- The connection between 'to belch' and 'caterpillar' may be the way in which a caterpillar moves forward, viz. by slowly pushing itself foward (sic), first with its hind legs, thus raising the central part of its body to a curve, which is lowered again when the front legs move forward. This movement may easily call into mind the lowering and raising of the Adam's apple when people belch, or retching movements of the throat when vomiting.
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ruga”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-29
- ^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1984) “arruga”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 360
Further reading
edit- “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ruga in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
Polish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editNoun
editruga f
- (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)
- Synonym: reprymenda
Declension
editRelated terms
editEtymology 2
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
editruga
Further reading
edit- ruga in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
editEtymology 1
editFrom Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).
Pronunciation
edit
- Hyphenation: ru‧ga
Noun
editruga f (plural rugas)
Related terms
editEtymology 2
editVerb
editruga
- inflection of rugar:
Romanian
editEtymology
editInherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.
Pronunciation
editVerb
edita ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat) 1st conjugation
- (transitive) to politely ask
- Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.
- We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
- (reflexive) to pray [with la ‘deity’]
- (reflexive) to insistently or repeatedly ask [with de ‘person’]
Usage notes
editRuga in the meaning of “ask (for)” expresses the request by a secondary clause and never through a prepositional object.
Conjugation
editinfinitive | a ruga | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | rugând | ||||||
past participle | rugat | ||||||
number | singular | plural | |||||
person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
indicative | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | rog | rogi | roagă | rugăm | rugați | roagă | |
imperfect | rugam | rugai | ruga | rugam | rugați | rugau | |
simple perfect | rugai | rugași | rugă | rugarăm | rugarăți | rugară | |
pluperfect | rugasem | rugaseși | rugase | rugaserăm | rugaserăți | rugaseră | |
subjunctive | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | să rog | să rogi | să roage | să rugăm | să rugați | să roage | |
imperative | — | tu | — | — | voi | — | |
affirmative | roagă | rugați | |||||
negative | nu ruga | nu rugați |
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ruga in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
Sardinian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology 1
editNoun
editruga f (plural rugas)
Alternative forms
editEtymology 2
editNoun
editruga f (plural rugas)
See also
edit- mamaruga f, maniposa f, babbaliscu m, cabagasu m, mariavolavola m
Spanish
editVerb
editruga
- inflection of rugar:
Veps
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *ruka
Noun
editruga
Inflection
editInflection of ruga (inflection type 6/kuva) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | ruga | ||
genitive sing. | rugan | ||
partitive sing. | rugad | ||
partitive plur. | rugid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | ruga | rugad | |
accusative | rugan | rugad | |
genitive | rugan | rugiden | |
partitive | rugad | rugid | |
essive-instructive | rugan | rugin | |
translative | rugaks | rugikš | |
inessive | rugas | rugiš | |
elative | rugaspäi | rugišpäi | |
illative | rugaha | rugihe | |
adessive | rugal | rugil | |
ablative | rugalpäi | rugilpäi | |
allative | rugale | rugile | |
abessive | rugata | rugita | |
comitative | ruganke | rugidenke | |
prolative | rugadme | rugidme | |
approximative I | ruganno | rugidenno | |
approximative II | rugannoks | rugidennoks | |
egressive | rugannopäi | rugidennopäi | |
terminative I | rugahasai | rugihesai | |
terminative II | rugalesai | rugilesai | |
terminative III | rugassai | — | |
additive I | rugahapäi | rugihepäi | |
additive II | rugalepäi | rugilepäi |
References
edit- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/uːɡə
- Rhymes:English/uːɡə/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- en:Anatomy
- en:Animal body parts
- en:Botany
- English terms with quotations
- en:Plant anatomy
- Afar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afar lemmas
- Afar nouns
- Afar masculine nouns
- Afar feminine nouns
- aa:Baby animals
- aa:Bovines
- aa:Female animals
- Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan nouns
- Catalan countable nouns
- Catalan feminine nouns
- Italian terms inherited from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Italian 2-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/uɡa
- Rhymes:Italian/uɡa/2 syllables
- Italian lemmas
- Italian nouns
- Italian countable nouns
- Italian feminine nouns
- Kikuyu terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kikuyu lemmas
- Kikuyu verbs
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin first declension nouns
- Latin feminine nouns in the first declension
- Latin feminine nouns
- Latin terms with transferred senses
- Medieval Latin
- Early Medieval Latin
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/uɡa
- Rhymes:Polish/uɡa/2 syllables
- Polish deverbals
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish feminine nouns
- Polish colloquialisms
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish verb forms
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese doublets
- Portuguese 2-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese nouns
- Portuguese countable nouns
- Portuguese feminine nouns
- Portuguese non-lemma forms
- Portuguese verb forms
- Romanian terms inherited from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Romanian/a
- Rhymes:Romanian/a/2 syllables
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian verbs
- Romanian verbs in 1st conjugation
- Romanian transitive verbs
- Romanian terms with usage examples
- Romanian reflexive verbs
- ro:Christianity
- ro:Religion
- Sardinian terms inherited from Latin
- Sardinian terms derived from Latin
- Sardinian lemmas
- Sardinian nouns
- Sardinian feminine nouns
- Spanish non-lemma forms
- Spanish verb forms
- Veps terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Veps terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Veps lemmas
- Veps nouns
- Veps kuva-type nominals