sapa

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sapa"

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin sapa.

Noun

sapa (uncountable)

1. A reduction of must in Ancient Roman cuisine, made by boiling down grape juice or must in large kettles until reduced to a third of the original volume.

See also

• carenum
• defrutum

Anagrams

• AAPS, AAPs, APAs, ASAP, PAAs, PaaS, asap

Ainu

Alternative forms

• sapaha

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sàꜛpá/

Noun

sapa (Kana spelling サパ)

1. (anatomy) head

Balinese

Romanization

sapa

1. Romanization of ᬲᬧ
2. Romanization of ᬰᬵᬧ (“curse”)

Bikol Central

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *sapaq.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsapaʔ/ [ˈsa.paʔ]
• Hyphenation: sa‧pa

Noun

sapà (Basahan spelling ᜐᜉ)

1. a stream
2. a creek, brook

   Synonym: sulong

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saˈpaʔ/ [saˈpaʔ]
• Hyphenation: sa‧pa

Noun

sapâ (Basahan spelling ᜐᜉ)

1. munch

Derived terms

• magsapa
• sapaon

 

Cebuano

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *sapaq.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Cebuano) IPA^(key): /ˈsapaʔ/ [ˈs̪a.pɐʔ]

Noun

sapa

1. a small river; a creek

Cuyunon

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *sapaq.

Noun

sapa

1. creek

Dupaningan Agta

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *sapaq.

Noun

sapa

1. stream; creek

Ese

Noun

sapa

1. bubble; foam

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *sapa. Related to Estonian saba.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɑpɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝pɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑpɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): sa‧pa

Noun

sapa (dialectal)

1. tail of an animal (more specifically the solid part of a tail)

Declension

Inflection of sapa (Kotus type 9*E/kala, p-v gradation)
nominative		sapa	savat
genitive		savan	sapojen
partitive		sapaa	sapoja
illative		sapaan	sapoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		sapa	savat
accusative	nom.	sapa	savat
	gen.	savan
genitive		savan	sapojen sapain rare
partitive		sapaa	sapoja
inessive		savassa	savoissa
elative		savasta	savoista
illative		sapaan	sapoihin
adessive		savalla	savoilla
ablative		savalta	savoilta
allative		savalle	savoille
essive		sapana	sapoina
translative		savaksi	savoiksi
abessive		savatta	savoitta
instructive		—	savoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of sapa (Kotus type 9*E/kala, p-v gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative sapani sapani accusative nom. sapani sapani gen. sapani genitive sapani sapojeni sapaini rare partitive sapaani sapojani inessive savassani savoissani elative savastani savoistani illative sapaani sapoihini adessive savallani savoillani ablative savaltani savoiltani allative savalleni savoilleni essive sapanani sapoinani translative savakseni savoikseni abessive savattani savoittani instructive — — comitative — sapoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative sapasi sapasi accusative nom. sapasi sapasi gen. sapasi genitive sapasi sapojesi sapaisi rare partitive sapaasi sapojasi inessive savassasi savoissasi elative savastasi savoistasi illative sapaasi sapoihisi adessive savallasi savoillasi ablative savaltasi savoiltasi allative savallesi savoillesi essive sapanasi sapoinasi translative savaksesi savoiksesi abessive savattasi savoittasi instructive — — comitative — sapoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative sapamme sapamme accusative nom. sapamme sapamme gen. sapamme genitive sapamme sapojemme sapaimme rare partitive sapaamme sapojamme inessive savassamme savoissamme elative savastamme savoistamme illative sapaamme sapoihimme adessive savallamme savoillamme ablative savaltamme savoiltamme allative savallemme savoillemme essive sapanamme sapoinamme translative savaksemme savoiksemme abessive savattamme savoittamme instructive — — comitative — sapoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative sapanne sapanne accusative nom. sapanne sapanne gen. sapanne genitive sapanne sapojenne sapainne rare partitive sapaanne sapojanne inessive savassanne savoissanne elative savastanne savoistanne illative sapaanne sapoihinne adessive savallanne savoillanne ablative savaltanne savoiltanne allative savallenne savoillenne essive sapananne sapoinanne translative savaksenne savoiksenne abessive savattanne savoittanne instructive — — comitative — sapoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative sapansa sapansa accusative nom. sapansa sapansa gen. sapansa genitive sapansa sapojensa sapainsa rare partitive sapaansa sapojaan sapojansa inessive savassaan savassansa savoissaan savoissansa elative savastaan savastansa savoistaan savoistansa illative sapaansa sapoihinsa adessive savallaan savallansa savoillaan savoillansa ablative savaltaan savaltansa savoiltaan savoiltansa allative savalleen savallensa savoilleen savoillensa essive sapanaan sapanansa sapoinaan sapoinansa translative savakseen savaksensa savoikseen savoiksensa abessive savattaan savattansa savoittaan savoittansa instructive — — comitative — sapoineen sapoinensa

Anagrams

• asap, aspa

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa.pa/
• Homophones: sapas, sapât

Verb

sapa

1. third-person singular past historic of saper

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa.pa/
• Rhymes: -pa, -a
• Hyphenation: sa‧pa

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

sapa (plural sapa-sapa)

1. greeting

   Synonym: salam

Derived terms

• bersapa
• bersapa-sapaan
• bersapaan
• disapa
• menyapa
• penyapa
• penyapaan
• sapa-menyapa
• sapaan
• tersapa

 

Etymology 2

Pronoun

sapa

1. (colloquial) who

   Synonym: siapa

Etymology 3

Adjective

sapa

1. Nonstandard form of safa (“white”).

Further reading

• “sapa” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Italian

Etymology

From Latin sapa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa.pa/
• Rhymes: -apa
• Hyphenation: sà‧pa

Noun

sapa f (plural sape)

1. a reduction of must (syrup) in Ancient Roman cuisine, made by boiling down grape juice or must in large kettles until reduced to a third of the original volume

Alternative forms

• saba

Anagrams

• aspa

Javanese

Romanization

sapa

1. Romanization of ꦱꦥ

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *sapā, from Proto-Indo-European *sab-, *sap- (“to taste”). Compare the English cognate sap.

Noun

sapa f (genitive sapae); first declension

1. A reduction of must in Ancient Roman cuisine, made by boiling down grape juice or must in large kettles until reduced to a third of the original volume.

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	sapa	sapae
genitive	sapae	sapārum
dative	sapae	sapīs
accusative	sapam	sapās
ablative	sapā	sapīs
vocative	sapa	sapae

Descendants

• Padanian:
  • Piedmontese: sava, sèva
• Northern Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: sâva, suâva
  • Old French: seve
    • French: sève
      • → Galician: seiva
      • → Portuguese: seiva
        • → Spanish: savia (or from Galician)
• Southern Gallo-Romance:
  • Aragonese: sapia (probably influenced by Spanish)
  • Catalan: saba
  • Occitan: saba

    Gascon: sap, sapa

• Borrowings:
  • → Albanian: shap
  • → Italian: sapa

References

• “sapa”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sapa”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• sapa in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “sapa”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

Maguindanao

Etymology

Akin to Maranao sapa'.

Verb

sapa

1. to swear

Mamanwa

Noun

sapa

1. water

References

• Studies in Philippine Linguistics, volume 2 (1978), section on Mamanwa, pages 81-82

Old Javanese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa.pa/
• Rhymes: -pa
• Homophones: sāpa, śāpa
• Hyphenation: sa‧pa

Etymology 1

Cognate Indonesian sapa (“to greet”).

Noun

sapa

1. address, speak, greet

Derived terms

• anapa
• sasapa
• sinapa
• sinapan

 

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦱꦥ (sapa, “to greet”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

sapa

1. Alternative spelling of syapa (“who (interrogative pronoun)”)

Further reading

• "sapa" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀲𑀧 (Brahmi script)
• सप (Devanagari script)
• সপ (Bengali script)
• සප (Sinhalese script)
• သပ (Burmese script)
• สป or สะปะ (Thai script)
• ᩈᨷ (Tai Tham script)
• ສປ or ສະປະ (Lao script)
• សប (Khmer script)
• 𑄥𑄛 (Chakma script)

Verb

sapa

1. imperative active second-person singular of sapati (“to swear”)

Piedmontese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsapa/

Noun

sapa f (plural sape)

1. hoe

Polish

Etymology

Back-formation from sapka.

Pronunciation

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Chełmno-Dobrzyń) IPA^(key): /ˈsa.pa/

Noun

sapa f

1. (Chełmno-Dobrzyń, medicine) Augmentative of sapka

Further reading

• Gustaw Pobłocki (1887) “sapa”, in Słownik kaszubski z dodatkiem idyotyzmów chełmińskich i kociewskich (in Polish), 2 edition, Chełmno, page 141

Quechua

Adjective

sapa

1. every, each, any
2. alone, only, unique, one and only

See also

• sapay
• sapa inka

Noun

sapa

1. (grammar) singular

Declension

declension of sapa

	singular	plural
nominative	sapa	sapakuna
accusative	sapata	sapakunata
dative	sapaman	sapakunaman
genitive	sapap	sapakunap
locative	sapapi	sapakunapi
terminative	sapakama	sapakunakama
ablative	sapamanta	sapakunamanta
instrumental	sapawan	sapakunawan
comitative	sapantin	sapakunantin
abessive	sapannaq	sapakunannaq
comparative	sapahina	sapakunahina
causative	saparayku	sapakunarayku
benefactive	sapapaq	sapakunapaq
associative	sapapura	sapakunapura
distributive	sapanka	sapakunanka
exclusive	sapalla	sapakunalla

possessive forms of sapa

ñuqap - first-person singular

ñuqap (my)	singular	plural
nominative	sapay	sapaykuna
accusative	sapayta	sapaykunata
dative	sapayman	sapaykunaman
genitive	sapaypa	sapaykunap
locative	sapaypi	sapaykunapi
terminative	sapaykama	sapaykunakama
ablative	sapaymanta	sapaykunamanta
instrumental	sapaywan	sapaykunawan
comitative	sapaynintin	sapaykunantin
abessive	sapayninnaq	sapaykunannaq
comparative	sapayhina	sapaykunahina
causative	sapayrayku	sapaykunarayku
benefactive	sapaypaq	sapaykunapaq
associative	sapaypura	sapaykunapura
distributive	sapayninka	sapaykunanka
exclusive	sapaylla	sapaykunalla

qampa - second-person singular

qampa (your)	singular	plural
nominative	sapayki	sapaykikuna
accusative	sapaykita	sapaykikunata
dative	sapaykiman	sapaykikunaman
genitive	sapaykipa	sapaykikunap
locative	sapaykipi	sapaykikunapi
terminative	sapaykikama	sapaykikunakama
ablative	sapaykimanta	sapaykikunamanta
instrumental	sapaykiwan	sapaykikunawan
comitative	sapaykintin	sapaykikunantin
abessive	sapaykinnaq	sapaykikunannaq
comparative	sapaykihina	sapaykikunahina
causative	sapaykirayku	sapaykikunarayku
benefactive	sapaykipaq	sapaykikunapaq
associative	sapaykipura	sapaykikunapura
distributive	sapaykinka	sapaykikunanka
exclusive	sapaykilla	sapaykikunalla

paypa - third-person singular

paypa (his/her/its)	singular	plural
nominative	sapan	sapankuna
accusative	sapanta	sapankunata
dative	sapanman	sapankunaman
genitive	sapanpa	sapankunap
locative	sapanpi	sapankunapi
terminative	sapankama	sapankunakama
ablative	sapanmanta	sapankunamanta
instrumental	sapanwan	sapankunawan
comitative	sapanintin	sapankunantin
abessive	sapanninnaq	sapankunannaq
comparative	sapanhina	sapankunahina
causative	sapanrayku	sapankunarayku
benefactive	sapanpaq	sapankunapaq
associative	sapanpura	sapankunapura
distributive	sapaninka	sapankunanka
exclusive	sapanlla	sapankunalla

ñuqanchikpa - first-person inclusive plural

ñuqanchikpa (our(incl))	singular	plural
nominative	sapanchik	sapanchikkuna
accusative	sapanchikta	sapanchikkunata
dative	sapanchikman	sapanchikkunaman
genitive	sapanchikpa	sapanchikkunap
locative	sapanchikpi	sapanchikkunapi
terminative	sapanchikkama	sapanchikkunakama
ablative	sapanchikmanta	sapanchikkunamanta
instrumental	sapanchikwan	sapanchikkunawan
comitative	sapanchiknintin	sapanchikkunantin
abessive	sapanchikninnaq	sapanchikkunannaq
comparative	sapanchikhina	sapanchikkunahina
causative	sapanchikrayku	sapanchikkunarayku
benefactive	sapanchikpaq	sapanchikkunapaq
associative	sapanchikpura	sapanchikkunapura
distributive	sapanchikninka	sapanchikkunanka
exclusive	sapanchiklla	sapanchikkunalla

ñuqaykup - first-person exclusive plural

ñuqaykup (our(excl))	singular	plural
nominative	sapayku	sapaykukuna
accusative	sapaykuta	sapaykukunata
dative	sapaykuman	sapaykukunaman
genitive	sapaykupa	sapaykukunap
locative	sapaykupi	sapaykukunapi
terminative	sapaykukama	sapaykukunakama
ablative	sapaykumanta	sapaykukunamanta
instrumental	sapaykuwan	sapaykukunawan
comitative	sapaykuntin	sapaykukunantin
abessive	sapaykunnaq	sapaykukunannaq
comparative	sapaykuhina	sapaykukunahina
causative	sapaykurayku	sapaykukunarayku
benefactive	sapaykupaq	sapaykukunapaq
associative	sapaykupura	sapaykukunapura
distributive	sapaykunka	sapaykukunanka
exclusive	sapaykulla	sapaykukunalla

qamkunap - second-person plural

qamkunap (your(pl))	singular	plural
nominative	sapaykichik	sapaykichikkuna
accusative	sapaykichikta	sapaykichikkunata
dative	sapaykichikman	sapaykichikkunaman
genitive	sapaykichikpa	sapaykichikkunap
locative	sapaykichikpi	sapaykichikkunapi
terminative	sapaykichikkama	sapaykichikkunakama
ablative	sapaykichikmanta	sapaykichikkunamanta
instrumental	sapaykichikwan	sapaykichikkunawan
comitative	sapaykichiknintin	sapaykichikkunantin
abessive	sapaykichikninnaq	sapaykichikkunannaq
comparative	sapaykichikhina	sapaykichikkunahina
causative	sapaykichikrayku	sapaykichikkunarayku
benefactive	sapaykichikpaq	sapaykichikkunapaq
associative	sapaykichikpura	sapaykichikkunapura
distributive	sapaykichikninka	sapaykichikkunanka
exclusive	sapaykichiklla	sapaykichikkunalla

paykunap - third-person plural

paykunap (their)	singular	plural
nominative	sapanku	sapankukuna
accusative	sapankuta	sapankukunata
dative	sapankuman	sapankukunaman
genitive	sapankupa	sapankukunap
locative	sapankupi	sapankukunapi
terminative	sapankukama	sapankukunakama
ablative	sapankumanta	sapankukunamanta
instrumental	sapankuwan	sapankukunawan
comitative	sapankuntin	sapankukunantin
abessive	sapankunnaq	sapankukunannaq
comparative	sapankuhina	sapankukunahina
causative	sapankurayku	sapankukunarayku
benefactive	sapankupaq	sapankukunapaq
associative	sapankupura	sapankukunapura
distributive	sapankunka	sapankukunanka
exclusive	sapankulla	sapankukunalla

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsapa/ [ˈsa.pa]
• Rhymes: -apa
• Syllabification: sa‧pa

Etymology 1

Feminine form of sapo (“toad”).

Noun

sapa f (plural sapas)

1. female equivalent of sapo; a female toad or peeper

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin sapa.

Noun

sapa f (plural sapas)

1. a reduction of must in Ancient Roman cuisine, made by boiling down grape juice or must in large kettles until reduced to a third of the original volume

Further reading

• “sapa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Tagalog

Etymology 1

From Proto-Austronesian *sapaq (“stream; river”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈsapaʔ/ [ˈsaː.pɐʔ]
• Rhymes: -apaʔ
• Syllabification: sa‧pa

Noun

sapà (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜉ)

1. small stream; rivulet; brook; creek

See also

• saog
• ilog-ilugan
• batis

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /saˈpa/ [sɐˈpa]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: sa‧pa

Noun

sapà (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜉ)

1. chewing into a pulp

   Synonyms: ngata, pagngata

2. pulp or residue of something chewed

   Synonyms: sapal, bagas, bagaso, pinamangusan

3. chewed betel pepper

Derived terms

• pagsapa
• pagsasapa
• sapahin

 

Anagrams

• asap, pasa

Tausug

Pronunciation

• (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA^(key): /sapa/ [saˈpa]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: sa‧pa

Noun

sapa (Sulat Sūg spelling سَفَ)

1. oath

Derived terms

• magsapa
• sapahan
• sumapa

 

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saˈpa/
• Hyphenation: sa‧pa

Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish صاپه (sapa, “out of a straight road or direction, on one side, secluded”), from Ottoman Turkish صاپمق (sapmaḳ, “to swerve, to deviate, to diverge, to go astray”), from Proto-Turkic *sap- (“to leave the way, to go astray, to deviate”), morphologically sap- +‎ -a.

Adjective

sapa

1. Away from the centre, secluded, remote; off the beaten path.

   Synonyms: kuytu, tenha, ücra

2. Out of the main road, accessed by deviating to a side road.

Declension

predicative forms of sapa

present tense
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (I am)	sapayım	sapa mıyım?	sapa değilim	sapa değil miyim?
sen (you are)	sapasın	sapa mısın?	sapa değilsin	sapa değil misin?
o (he/she/it is)	sapa / sapadır	sapa mı?	sapa değil	sapa değil mi?
biz (we are)	sapayız	sapa mıyız?	sapa değiliz	sapa değil miyiz?
siz (you are)	sapasınız	sapa mısınız?	sapa değilsiniz	sapa değil misiniz?
onlar (they are)	sapa(lar)	sapa(lar) mı?	sapa değil(ler)	sapa değiller mi?
past tense
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (I was)	sapaydım	sapa mıydım?	sapa değildim	sapa değil miydim?
sen (you were)	sapaydın	sapa mıydın?	sapa değildin	sapa değil miydin?
o (he/she/it was)	sapaydı	sapa mıydı?	sapa değildi	sapa değil miydi?
biz (we were)	sapaydık	sapa mıydık?	sapa değildik	sapa değil miydik?
siz (you were)	sapaydınız	sapa mıydınız?	sapa değildiniz	sapa değil miydiniz?
onlar (they were)	sapaydılar	sapa mıydılar?	sapa değildi(ler) / değillerdi	sapa değil miydiler?
indirect past
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (I was)	sapaymışım	sapa mıymışım?	sapa değilmişim	sapa değil miymişim?
sen (you were)	sapaymışsın	sapa mıymışsın?	sapa değilmişsin	sapa değil miymişsin?
o (he/she/it was)	sapaymış	sapa mıymış?	sapa değilmiş	sapa değil miymiş?
biz (we were)	sapaymışız	sapa mıymışız?	sapa değilmişiz	sapa değil miymişiz?
siz (you were)	sapaymışsınız	sapa mıymışsınız?	sapa değilmişsiniz	sapa değil miymişsiniz?
onlar (they were)	sapaymışlar	sapa mıymışlar?	sapa değilmiş(ler) / değillermiş	sapa değil miymişler?
conditional
	positive, declarative	positive, interrogative	negative, declarative	negative, interrogative
ben (if I)	sapaysam	sapa mıysam?	sapa değilsem	sapa değil miysem?
sen (if you)	sapaysan	sapa mıysan?	sapa değilsen	sapa değil miysen?
o (if he/she/it)	sapaysa	sapa mıysa?	sapa değilse	sapa değil miyse?
biz (if we)	sapaysak	sapa mıysak?	sapa değilsek	sapa değil miysek?
siz (if you)	sapaysanız	sapa mıysanız?	sapa değilseniz	sapa değil miyseniz?
onlar (if they)	sapaysalar	sapa mıysalar?	sapa değilseler / değillerse	sapa değil miyseler?

Related terms

• sap
• sapak
• sapık
• sapkın

 

Etymology 2

From sap (“handle, stem”) +‎ -a (dative suffix)

Noun

sapa

1. definite dative singular of sap

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

sapa

1. third-person singular optative of sapmak

Further reading

• “sapa”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “sapa”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4064

Waray-Waray

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *sapaq.

Noun

sapâ

1. brook; rivulet; creek

Yámana

Noun

sapa

1. blood

Yanomam

Etymology

Borrowed from Romance, ultimately from Latin sappa; compare Italian zappa, Portuguese sapa (“shovel”), Spanish zapa (“shovel”),

Noun

sapa (unclassified holonym; singulative sapa a, dual sapa kipë, plural sapa pë)

1. hoe

References

• Perri Ferreira, Helder (2017) Yanomama Clause Structure‎^[2], volume 1, Utrecht: LOT, →ISBN, page 115

Yoruba

Etymology

From sà (“to apply”) +‎ ipá (“force”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sā.k͡pá/

Verb

sapá

1. to endeavour; to make an effort; to strive

   Synonym: gbìyànjú

   Òbí rẹ̀ ti sapá gidigidi láti pèsè oúnjẹ fún un. ― Her parents have tried so hard to provide food for her.

Derived terms

• ìsapá (“effort”)