trong

See also: trống, trỏng, and trọng

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /trɔŋː/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þrǫng.

Noun

trong m (definite singular trongen, uncountable)

1. need

   Me har trong for fleire folk.

   We have a need for more people.

Synonyms

• behov
• bruk

Etymology 2

From Old Norse þrǫngr.

Adjective

trong (neuter trongt, definite singular and plural tronge, comparative trongare, indefinite superlative trongast, definite superlative trongaste)

1. tight, narrow

   Dei gjekk gjennom tronge fjellpass.

   They walked through narrow mountain passes.

Etymology 3

Verb

trong

1. past of trenga

References

• “trong” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕawŋ͡m˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧] ~ [ʈɔŋ˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧]
• (Vinh) IPA^(key): [ʈɔŋ˧˥]

• Audio (Hà Nội):

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“clear; limpid”).

Adjective

trong • (冲, 工, 沖, 𤁘, 𤄯, 𬈴)

1. (of liquid) clear and thus presumably clean

   Antonym: đục

   Nước trong mà! Uống chắc không sao đâu!

   The water looks pretty clean! Probably wouldn't hurt to drink a bit!

2. (of a material) translucent or transparent

   Synonym: trong suốt

Derived terms

• gạn đục khơi trong
• trong lành
• trong sạch
• trong sáng
• trong suốt
• trong trắng
• trong trẻo
• trong vắt
• trong veo
• trong xanh

 

Etymology 2

From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“inside”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kluuŋ ~ *[k]luəŋ (“middle; insides”). Cognates include Muong tlong, Chut [Rục] klɔːŋ¹, Pacoh callúng, Semnam kluoːŋ, Bulo Stieng kluŋ, and Khmer ក្នុង (knong). See also lòng, tròng and possibly nòng.

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 工 (MC kuwng) (modern SV: công) and 共 (MC gjowngH) (modern SV: cộng).

Unrelated to Chinese 中 (OC *truŋ) (B-S), which is read trung in modern Vietnamese and spelled tru᷄ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.

Proto-Tai *klaːŋᴬ (whence Thai กลาง (glaang)) and Proto-Mienic *ɢljaŋᴬ (whence Iu Mien jaangh) might just be look-alikes.

Preposition

trong • (工, 宮, 中, 共, 𥪝, 𥪞)

1. in; inside; within (an interior or enclosed space)

   trong nhà/phòng ― in(side) the house/room

   trong tim/lòng/bụng ― in one's heart (literally, “inside the heart/entrails/stomach”)

2. within (an amount of time)

   Synonym: trong vòng

   trong (vòng) 4 tiếng ― within four hours

3. in/among (a group)

   Synonym: trong số

   trong đám đông ― in/among the crowd

4. in (a place in southern Vietnam)

   trong nam ― someplace in southern Vietnam; "the south"

Antonyms

• ngoài

Graphical notes

• In certain modern romanization of Nôm texts where this morpheme was written with 工 (MC kuwng), 共 (MC gjowngH), and 宮 (MC kjuwng), it is sometimes transcribed as ⟨cong⟩ or ⟨cung⟩. This is due to the misinterpretation of the nature of the graphemes: the phonological (and likely also phonetic) value of the morpheme that these graphemes represented at the time when they were first used was probably *klɔŋ^A1 (or something similar) and was the ancestor of modern trong, with the medial liquid maintained until at least the end of the Middle Vietnamese period. For a similar case, compare modern trả, giả (“to pay back, to return”) < *ɓlaː^C1, used to be spelled with 把 (MC paeX) in numerous Nôm texts. The *cong and *cung romanizations are thus nothing more than ghosts, and ought to be transcripted instead as ⟨trong⟩ (if scriptor only tries to write the modern reflex) or reconstructed *klɔŋ^A1 (for historical value).

Derived terms

• Đàng Trong
• tay trong
• trong khi
• trỏng