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Learning anatomy

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Learning_anatomy

Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License.

Learning anatomy crew

Authors

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We make it possible for people to read. Soon, your brain will be full of anatomy. User:Gffsgeys uses Grammarly to improve my mitsakes | mistakes. Red means that the word is spelled incorrectly. Green means that the word is spelled correctly.

Guidelines

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1. At the moment the book is not about human body science experiments like the lungs in an empty water bottle.

2. We use photos as long as the photo shows the anatomy of the same organ but not videos (but these are only guidelines, so you can if you want).

3. Now learn about the editing rules.

4. Never add periods to a gallery.

5. Don’t do Bold text, Italic text, or Underline text unless you really must.

Now let’s get ready to make the book but please think about the guidelines.

By Gffsgeys (discuss • contribs) 01:35, 6 September 2021 (UTC) _____________________________________________________________________

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Table version

This is the Table version of Learning anatomy.


Esophagus

Learning anatomy - Stomach

This is in the gastrointestinal anatomy chapter.
 
 

Wikipedia has related information at Esophagus

Anatomy

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The esophagus is a tube connecting the throat to the stomach. The parts of the esophagus are the upper esophagus, middle esophagus, and lower esophagus. The esophagus also passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus. 

 

Function

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The function of the esophagus is to move the swallowed food from the throat into the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter is between the lower esophagus and cardiac region of the stomach. Peristalsis happens throughout the gastrointestinal tract.


Stomach

Esophagus - Small bowel

This is in the gastrointestinal anatomy chapter.
 
 

Wikipedia has related information at Stomach

Anatomy

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The stomach is a J-shaped ”bag” that connects the esophagus to the small bowel. The parts of the stomach are the cardiac region, gastric fundus, gastric body, and pyloric region. The pyloric region is made up of the pyloric antrum, and the pyloric canal.  

Function

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The first sphincter of the stomach is the cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter which guards the entrance to the stomach. If the sphincter weakens, stomach contents can damage the lining of the esophagus and cause acid reflux so, please take care of your lower esophageal sphincter.

The stomach has folds called rugae which look wrinkled when no food is in the stomach. The stomach stores food. If the food is poisonous, it triggers the vomiting reflex. In this case, the body protects itself from the acid. But if it’s not poisonous, the food continues to go. The stomach will make acid, digestive enzymes, and mucin. Hydrochloric acid breaks down all foods into chyme. Amylase breaks down starch. Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin. When pepsinogen reaches the acidic ph of the stomach, it turns into pepsin which digests proteins. Gastric lipase breaks down lipids. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills germs. Gastrin and somatostatin are hormones. Gastrin inhibits acid secretion. Somatostatin does a lot of things.


Small bowel

Stomach - Large bowel Template:Toc

 

Wikipedia has related information at Small intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum  and Ileum

Anatomy

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The small bowel or small intestine connects the stomach to the large intestine. The parts of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.  

Function

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The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients from the chyme. The pyloric sphincter lets only a tiny bit of chyme go into the small intestine at a time. The small finger-like projections are called villi. Villi help in the absorption. The jejunum absorbs sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. The ileum absorbs bile acids, fluid, and vitamin B12.


Large bowel

Small bowel - Rectum and anus

 

Wikipedia has related information at Large intestine, Appendix (anatomy), Cecum  and Ascending colon

 

Wikipedia has related information at Transverse colon, Descending colon  and Sigmoid colon

Template:Toc

Anatomy

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The large bowel or large intestine is made up of the vermiform appendix, the cecum, and the colon. The colon is made up of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The large intestine connects the small intestine to the rectum.  

Function

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The cecum absorbs fluids and salts. The vermiform appendix is a storage for the gut bacteria that help with digestion. Gut bacteria is an example of a good bacteria. The colon absorbs water and electrolytes.


Rectum and anus

Large bowel - Liver

 

Wikipedia has related information at Defecation, Rectum, Anal canal  and Human anus

Anatomy

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The rectum and anus connect the large intestine to the external body. There is also an anal canal that goes between them.

 

Defecation

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The function of the rectum and anus is defecation. In this section, you will learn about the defecation reflex. The rectum stores the feces that the colon made. The nerve signals then tell the brain that you need to go into the bathroom. Then the feces go into the anus. There are 2 sphincters. The first is the internal sphincter and we can't control it. The last one is the external sphincter and we control it. Babys can't control their external sphincter so they do it in their diapers.


Liver

Accessory organs

_______________________________________________________________________


Rectum and anus - Biliary tract

 

Wikipedia has related information at Liver

Anatomy

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The liver is made up of the left lobe, right lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe. The ligaments are the falciform ligament and the coronary ligament. They are not real ligaments. Instead, they are a piece of peritoneal membrane holding the liver. The lobes of the liver are divided into 8 segments.    

Function

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The liver has many functions and is a critical part of the digestive system. Did you know that the liver has more than 500 functions and can do 200 functions at the same time!? The liver makes bile, stores nutrients and performs metabolism. Bile is made by hepatocytes which are also called liver cells.


Biliary tract

Accessory organs

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Liver - Pancreas exocrine

 

Wikipedia has related information at Biliary tract, Bile, Hepatocyte  and Bile canaliculus

 

Wikipedia has related information at Interlobular bile ducts  and Intrahepatic bile ducts

 

Wikipedia has related information at Bile duct, Common hepatic duct, Cystic duct  and Gallbladder

 

Wikipedia has related information at Common bile duct  and Duodenum

Anatomy

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The biliary tract is made up of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts.  

Function

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The hepatocytes make bile. After that, the bile goes into the bile canaliculi and then the bile goes into the interlobular ducts and then the bile goes into the intrahepatic ducts and then the bile moves into the right and left hepatic ducts and then the bile moves into the common hepatic duct and then the bile goes into the cystic duct and then the bile goes into the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile until needed. When needed, cholecystokinin triggers the bile to go out of the gallbladder and then into the common bile duct. Then the bile moves into the duodenum where the bile emulsifies fat.


Pancreas exocrine

Accessory organs

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Centroacinar cell, Pancreatic duct  and Duodenum

Biliary tract - Pancreas endocrine

Anatomy

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Acinar cells in the pancreas.  

Function

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Acinar cells make digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate neutralizes the hydrochloric acid from the stomach. Amylase breaks down starch. Lipase breaks down lipids. Trypsin breaks down proteins. Chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin to make chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin breaks proteins in the chyme.


Pancreas endocrine

Accessory organs

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Wikipedia has related information at Pancreatic islets

Pancreas exocrine - Spleen

Anatomy

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Endocrine cells in the pancreas.  

Function

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Beta cells make insulin. Alpha cells make glucagon. Insulin is like a key for opening up the cells so that glucagon can get in.


Spleen

 

Wikipedia has related information at Spleen, Red pulp  and White pulp

Pancreas endocrine - Heart

Anatomy

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The red and white pulps.

 

Function

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The spleen makes bilirubin which is sent to the liver to make bile. The spleen also fights off sickness.


Heart

Cardiovascular system

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Heart, Atrium (heart)  and Ventricle (heart)

Spleen - Artery

Anatomy

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The heart is inside the chest. The heart consists of the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.  

Function

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The heart pumps blood through the body. The blue deoxygenated blood moves through the right atrium and then into the right ventricle and then into the lungs. This is where it mixes with the oxygen and it turns the blood red. The red blood travels all over the body. Then the oxygen has been used so it travels back to the heart and the cycle repeats.


Artery

Cardiovascular system

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Artery

Heart - Arteriole

Anatomy

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The arteries are made up of 3 layers which are the intima, media, and adventitia. The artery is made up of the endothelium, smooth muscle, and epithelium.  

Function

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The arteries move oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the entire body.


Arteriole

Cardiovascular system

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Arteriole  and Metarteriole

Artery - Capillary

Anatomy

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Just like the arteries, the arterioles have 3 layers called the adventitia, media, and intima.  

Function

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The arterioles move blood from the arteries to the capillaries.


Capillary

Cardiovascular system

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Capillary

Arteriole - Vein

Anatomy

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The capillaries are broken into 3 types which are the continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal capillaries.  

Function

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The capillaries move blood from the arterioles to the venules.


Vein

Cardiovascular system

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Vein

Capillary - Venule

Anatomy

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Just like the other blood vessels, the parts of the vein are the intima, media, and adventitia.  

Function

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Oxygen has been used so it travels back to the heart through the veins.


Venule

Cardiovascular system

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Venule

Anatomy

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The venules are made up of the intima, media, and adventitia.  

Function

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The venules move blood from the capillaries to the veins.


Kidney

Accessory organs

_______________________________________________________________________

 

Wikipedia has related information at Kidney

Anatomy

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The kidneys are not just in kids. They are also in adults too. So why are they called kid -ney? The answer is that the word kidney is probably a compound of the Old English cwið ”womb,” and ey, “egg,” describing the shape of the organ.  

Function

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The kidneys filter your blood and removes waste.

Illustrations

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  •  
    Diagram of the Kidneys


Nephron

 

Wikipedia has related information at Nephron, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal tubule  and Loop of Henle

 

Wikipedia has related information at Distal convoluted tubule  and Collecting duct system

Anatomy

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The parts of the nephron are the bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tube.  

Function

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The urine starts in the bowman's capsule and then into the proximal tubule and then into the loop of Henle and then into the distal tubule and then into the collecting tubes which takes the urine to the ureters.


Ureter

 

Wikipedia has related information at Ureter

Anatomy

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The parts of the ureter are the abdominal ureter, pelvic ureter, and intravesical or intramural ureter.  

Function

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The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.


Bladder

 

Wikipedia has related information at Urinary bladder  and Detrusor muscle

Anatomy

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The bladder or urinary bladder is made up of the dome or apex, neck, body, and fundus. The bladder is between the ureter and urethra.  

Function

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The detrusor muscle expands when filled with urine. Then the nerve signals tell the brain that you need to run to the bathroom. When emptying, the detrusor muscle squeezes the urine to the urethra. Check out the urethra page to learn more. Make sure to read the kidney, nephron, and ureter pages too.


Urethra

 

Wikipedia has related information at Urethra

Anatomy

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Male and female urethras are different.

Male

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The first thing at the bottom of the urethra is called the penis. Then there is the spongy urethra and then there is the membranous urethra. The prostatic urethra is last.  

Female

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The parts of the female urethra are the muscular, erectile, and mucous parts but no penis.  

Function

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The internal urethral sphincter opens itself. The external sphincter is what we control to open and when that sphincter is open it goes into the toilet. It passes through the penis in men.


Muscle

 

Wikipedia has related information at Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle  and Cardiac muscle

Anatomy

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There are 650 muscles in the body made by myocytes.

Function

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Skeletal muscles control movement so we can walk, run, and jump and even breathing and chewing needs muscles. Smooth muscle is what we can’t control. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.

Illustrations

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  •  
    Skeletal Muscle diagram
  •  
    Smooth Muscle diagram
  •  
    Smooth Muscle contraction diagram
  •  
    Cardiac Muscle diagram



Bone

 

Wikipedia has related information at Human skeleton

Anatomy

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The parts of the bone are the periosteum, compact bone, and spongy bone.  

Function

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Bones help to support muscles, protect organs, and even hold your teeth. Bones help so that we wouldn't be 1 flat puddle on the ground.


Ear

 

Wikipedia has related information at Ear

Anatomy

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The parts of the ear are:

  • Pinna
  • Ear canal
  • Eardrum
  • Ossicles
    • Hammer
    • Anvil
    • Stirrup
  • Cochlea

 

Function

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When sound waves are made the pinna (auricle) gathers them up and then the sound waves move into the ear canal (external auditory meatus, EAM). The sound waves then vibrate the eardrum (tympanic membrane) which strikes the hammer (malleus) bone which moves the anvil (incus) bone and the stirrup (stapes) bone. The stapes vibrates the liquid that fills the cochlea. The hair cells at the bottom detect the highest sounds. The hair cells in the middle detect lower sounds. The hair cells at the top control the lowest sounds. This gets going to the auditory nerve and then into the brain where you hear the sound.

Illustrations

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  •  
    the pinna of the ear
  •  
    ear canal highlighted
  •  
    tympanic membrane
  •  
    ossicles
  •  
    cochlea


Nose

 

Wikipedia has related information at Human nose

Anatomy

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The parts of the nose are:

  • Nasion
  • Root
  • Bridge
  • Ala
  • Apex
  • Nostril
  • Columella
  • Nasal cavity
    • Vestibule
    • Olfactory region
    • Respiratory region

Function

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The air goes inside the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity warms the air and traps dust particles with tiny hairs and mucous. The smell of things in the air is caused by the olfactory tract which sends signals to the brain about the smell.


Mouth

Tooth

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Anatomy

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The teeth (singular: tooth) are made up of parts shown below.

  • Crown
    • Enamel
    • Dentin
  • Neck
    • Gingiva
    • Pulp cavity
    • Pulp
  • Root
    • Cementum
    • Root canal
    • Periodontal ligament
    • Nerves and blood vessels
    • Alveolar bone
  • Jaw
    • Maxillae
    • Mandible

 

 

Wikipedia has related information at Human mouth

Function

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The teeth function to chew food. The types of teeth are the incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Incisors cut the food. The canines grip the food. The premolars and molars (from Latin: mola = grindstone) grind the food. A baby has 20 teeth, but they are not visible until they erupt through the gingiva (gums) and an adult has 32 teeth. Maxillary (upper) teeth and their associated periodontal ligament are innervated by the superior alveolar nerves, branches of the maxillary division, termed the posterior superior alveolar nerve, anterior superior alveolar nerve, and the variably present middle superior alveolar nerve. The teeth help us speak.

Salivary gland

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Anatomy

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The parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands are major salivary glands. The other ones are minor salivary glands. 

Function

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The salivary glands make saliva. Saliva travels through ducts and then into the mouth.

Saliva

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Saliva has alpha-amylase which breaks down starch and lingual lipase which breaks lipids. Saliva also cleans the mouth.

Lingua

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Anatomy

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The lingua (tongue) is made up of the base (root), body, and apex.

Function

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The lingua helps in speech. Saliva helps taste the food. The chemicals from the food travel from the lingual papillae to the taste buds. The lingua and saliva from the food bolus. It gets sent down the pharynx.

Air

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The mouth is also a passage for air.


Throat

 

Wikipedia has related information at Throat

Pharynx

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Anatomy

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The pharynx is made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.  

Function

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The pharynx brings food from the oral cavity to the esophagus. The pharynx also brings air from the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx.

Larynx

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Anatomy

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The parts of the larynx are the epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, cuniform, corniculates, infrahyoid, suprahyoid, thyrohyoid membrane, lateral thyrohyoid ligament, quadrangular membrane, cricothyroid ligament complex, and posterior cricoarytenoid ligament.

Function

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The larynx helps in speech. The larynx moves air from the pharynx to the trachea. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the airway.


Epidermis

 

Wikipedia has related information at Epidermis

Anatomy

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Epidermis compared to dermis

The parts of the epidermis are:

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum

Function

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The epidermis prevents microbes from entering the body. The epidermis is also waterproof, preventing the ingress of liquids which would otherwise wreck havoc on the chemistry body. After all, how would you wash your hands if they were not waterproof?


Dermis

 

Wikipedia has related information at Dermis

Anatomy

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The dermis is made up of the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. It consists of collagen, elastin, blood capillaries, lymph vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings, and hair follicles.

Function

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The dermis makes sweat and regulates the body’s temperature, it produces oil, it makes hair grow, feels things and if it is too hot or too cold, your body tells you to get away from it and the dermis also protects the body from harmful pathogens, keeping the skin in shape, and distributing blood so that it can feed the skin, removes toxins, and supplies the epidermis with blood.


Test

Quiz

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You have random organs. You have to type the name. You also have to describe if the the the organ is needed to live. Your score will be on Wednesday. Answers will be cleared 10 days after being scored so other people can answer. Please edit visually. Please put your user name so that I know who did it. First, I will read your user page and then give you a score. I will remind you that you need to put your user name if you didn't. I will also put it on your talk page in case you forget.

Facts

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What is the only organ that can regenerate?
The liver.
The liver.
Is the penis in males or females?
Males.
Males.
What are the organs of defecation?
Rectum, anal canal, and anus.
Rectum, anal canal, and anus.
What is the smallest organ?
The pineal gland.
The pineal gland.
What is the largest organ?
The skin.
The skin.
What is the largest bone?
The femur.
The femur.


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