1916 Republican Party presidential primaries

From February 9 to June 6, through a series of primaries and caucuses, voters of the Republican Party elected delegates to the 1916 Republican National Convention, held June 7 to June 10, 1916, in Chicago, Illinois to choose the party's nominee for President of the United States. The delegate election process was inconclusive, with a majority of delegates not pledged to any candidate and a small plurality supporting Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes. Hughes eventually secured the nomination at the convention on the third ballot.

1916 Republican Party presidential primaries

February 9 to June 6, 1916
987 delegates to the 1916 Republican National Convention 494 (majority) votes needed to win
Candidate Charles Evans Hughes John W. Weeks Elihu Root Home state New York Massachusetts New York Delegate count 253.5 105 103 Contests won 2 – – Popular vote 80,737 – – Percentage 4.2% – –   Candidate Albert B. Cummins Theodore E. Burton Charles W. Fairbanks Home state Iowa Ohio Indiana Delegate count 85 77.5 74.5 Contests won 5 2 1 Popular vote 191,950 122,165 176,078 Percentage 10.0% 6.4% 9.2%   Candidate Theodore Roosevelt Robert M. La Follette Home state New York Wisconsin Delegate count 65 25 Contests won 1 2 Popular vote 80,019 133,426 Percentage 4.2% 6.9%
Hughes      Weeks      Root      Cummins      Burton      Fairbanks      Roosevelt      La Follette      Various
Previous Republican nominee William Howard Taft Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes

Several more conservative or progressive candidates received a large share of elected delegates. Conservatives split between Senator John W. Weeks, Senator Elihu Root, and former Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks. Progressives rallied behind Senator Albert Cummins, who dominated the primaries, Senator Robert M. La Follette, and former President Theodore Roosevelt, who returned to the party after fatally splitting it in the 1912 election. Neither faction consolidated behind any one candidate, and the moderate Hughes, acceptable to all parties, prevailed.

Background

1912 presidential election

See also: 1912 Republican Party presidential primaries and 1912 United States presidential election

The 1912 presidential election was an epochal disaster for the Republican Party, which had won eleven of the previous thirteen elections, a period of dominance only interrupted by the two non-consecutive terms of Grover Cleveland and unequaled before or since in the history of the United States. Former President Theodore Roosevelt challenged William Howard Taft for the Republican nomination, dissatisfied with his successor's policies and encouraged by a groundswell of popular support. Despite this support, Roosevelt was unable to crack Taft's hold over the convention and caucus systems by which most delegates were selected and, declaring the nomination illegitimate, broke off to form the Progressive Party. With the Republicans split between Roosevelt and Taft, Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson easily won a landslide election, albeit with a plurality of the vote.

1914 midterms

Main article: 1914 United States elections

The 1914 midterm elections were a disappointment for the Republicans; the Democratic Party retained control of both chambers for the first time since the American Civil War. Republicans were partly damaged by the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which required the direct popular election of United States Senators for the first time (despite opposition from many Republicans), and the continued presence of the Progressive Party.

The Democratic majority in the Senate was expanded to 56 seats, in many cases by a plurality, mirroring President Wilson's. In California, Colorado, Indiana, and Oregon, the Progressive vote more than accounted for the margin of Democratic victory.

The Progressive Party itself fared far worse. Only California, where Republican governor Hiram Johnson was re-elected on the Progressive ticket, presented any success whatsoever. The party's national vote was cut in half without Roosevelt to lead its ticket.

World War I

Main article: American involvement in World War I

See also: United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution

In July 1914, war broke out in Europe. At the start, Americans remained aloof from the conflict, even as naval warfare interrupted transatlantic shipping. News of German atrocities in Belgium did elicit support for the Allied side but did not alter the general national stance of neutrality.

Within the Republican Party, views of the war were mixed:

• Anglophiles, especially Eastern elites like Roosevelt and Senator Elihu Root, vigorously backed the Preparedness Movement and called for unambiguous support for Britain.
• Isolationists, especially Midwesterners and Westerners like Senators Robert M. La Follette and Albert Cummins, saw the war as irrelevant or hazardous to American interests.
• Internationalists such as A. Lawrence Lowell and Taft joined President Wilson in favoring the establishment of American-led institutions for arbitration to end the war.

After the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in May 1915, American public opinion turned decisively in favor of the Allied forces. Wilson's tepid response, which did not mention the Lusitania by name or threaten any retaliatory action, enraged Republican interventionists. Nevertheless, the mood of the country was "overwhelming antiwar," and Wilson won praise for his efforts to avoid war through strength. Theodore Roosevelt privately believed that Wilson's re-election was guaranteed by his policy of "waging peace."

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive reconciliation

Former President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a speech in 1916.
Much of the pre-primary speculation centered on whether or not Roosevelt would rejoin his former party or keep it divided.

Entering the 1916 election, Republicans were aware that the greatest threat to victory was the continued opposition of the Progressive Party, and in particular Theodore Roosevelt, who remained immensely popular. Although he still harbored antipathy for the Republican Party's political bosses, who he believed had stolen his rightful nomination in 1912, both Roosevelt's personal enmity and the Progressive Party organization had weakened by 1914.

Upon Roosevelt's May 1914 return from his lengthy South American expedition, he affirmatively declined to speculate as to politics. He declined to run for Governor of New York that summer and instead endorsed moderate Harvey D. Hinman for the Republican nomination, in hopes that his Progressive Party would be able to cross-endorse the Republican nominee. Hinman lost the primary to Charles S. Whitman, but Progressives still endorsed Whitman for Governor.

After the Progressive defeats in 1914, Roosevelt became despondent and entered what he referred to as the "very nadir" of his life. He focused his writing in magazines, journals, and a twelve-chapter book, America and the World War, on criticizing the Wilson administration for neutrality. Much of his time was devoted to defending a libel suit brought by William Barnes Jr. In January 1916, Republicans and Progressives negotiated the possibility of fusion in the upcoming election. Roosevelt was floated as a Republican candidate in February, as he took more conservative stances on corporatism and wealth.

Procedure

After 1912, several more states adopted direct primary systems, which were expected to favor progressives, or informal advisory primaries. Nearly all of the Northern United States permitted a public vote on the presidential nomination, with Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Montana, West Virginia adopting the practice between 1912 and 1916.

Nevertheless, the entire South, most of the Rocky Mountain states, and Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Washington maintained the use of closed delegate conventions or caucuses, which tended to favor conservatives.

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate			Most recent position	Home state	Campaign	Popular vote	Contests won
Charles Evans Hughes			Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916)	New York	Nominated at convention: June 10, 1916	—	AL, AK, AR, CA, CT, ID, FL, KS, LA, ME, MD, MS, MO, NJ, NM, TN, UT, VT, VA, WY [data missing]

Withdrew during convention

Candidate			Most recent position	Home state	Campaign	Popular vote	Contests won
John W. Weeks			U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1913–1919)	Massachusetts	Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916	—	AK, AR, GA, HI, MA, NH, NM, OK, SC [data missing]
Elihu Root			U.S. Senator from New York (1909–1915)	New York	Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916	—	AR, CT, NJ, NY, WA [data missing]
Theodore Roosevelt			President of the United States (1901–1909)	New York	(Positions) Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916	80,019 (4.2%)	CO, ID, NJ*, NC [data missing]
Robert M. La Follette			U.S. Senator from Wisconsin (1906–1925)	Wisconsin	Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916	133,426 (6.9%)	ND, WI [data missing]
Albert B. Cummins			U.S. Senator from Iowa (1908–1926)	Iowa	Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916	191,950 (10.0%)	IA, MN, NM, ND, MT, SD [data missing]
Theodore Burton			U.S. Senator from Ohio (1909–1915)	Ohio	Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916	122,165 (6.4%)	HI, OH, WV [data missing]
Charles Fairbanks			Vice President of the United States (1905–1909)	Indiana	Defeated at convention: June 10, 1916 (nominated for vice president)	176,078 (9.2%)	IN, KY [data missing]

Favorite sons

The following candidates entered only their home state's delegate selection contest for the purpose of controlling those delegates at the national convention:

• Governor Martin G. Brumbaugh of Pennsylvania
• Senator Lawrence Y. Sherman from Illinois
• Industrialist and peace activist Henry Ford of Michigan

Declined

• Senator William E. Borah of Idaho
• Governor Hiram Johnson of California (Progressive)
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts
• Former President William Howard Taft of Ohio
• Governor Charles S. Whitman of New York

Schedule and results

Tablemaker's Note:

Date	Total pledged delegates	Contest and total popular vote	Delegates won and popular vote
			Charles Evans Hughes	Albert Cummins	Elihu Root	Theodore Burton	Charles Fairbanks	Theodore Roosevelt	Lawrence Sherman	John Weeks	PHilander Knox	Henry Ford	Robert La Follette	Martin Brumbaugh	Pierre du Pont	Other(s) Unpledged
February 9	8 (of 8)	Florida convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8
March 1	21 (of 21)	North Carolina convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	21
March 2	26 (of 26)	Kentucky convention	-	-	-	-	26	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
March 7	30 (of 30)	Indiana primary 176,224	-	-	-	-	30 176,224 (100.00%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	11 (of 11)	South Carolina convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11
March 14	24 (of 24)	Minnesota primary 70,617	-	24 54,214 (76.77%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16,403 (23.22%)
	8 (of 8)	New Hampshire primary 10,838	-	-	-	-	-	2,988 (27.57%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8 7,850 (72.43%)
March 21	10 (of 10)	North Dakota primary 33,225	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10 23,374 (70.35%)	-	-	9,851 (29.65%)
March 22	20 (of 20)	Kansas convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	20
March 23	12 (of 12)	Maine convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12
	20 (of 20)	Oklahoma convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	20
March 29	12 (of 12)	Louisiana convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12
March 30	15 (of 15)	Virginia convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15
April 3	30 (of 30)	Michigan primary 176,671	303 WI (0.17%)	-	-	-	-	1,074 WI (0.61%)	-	-	-	30 83,057 (47.01%)	-	-	-	92,327 (52.26%)
April 4	87 (of 87)	New York primary ?	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	87 ? (?%)
	0 (of 26)	Wisconsin Pres. primary 111,399	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	110,052 (98.79%)	-	-	1,347 (1.21%)
	26 (of 26)	Wisconsin primary ?	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15 69,284 (?%)	-	-	11 71,188 (?%)
April 7	36 (of 36)	Missouri convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	36
April 10	26 (of 26)	Iowa primary 44,288	1,270 WI (2.87%)	26 40,157 (90.67%)	513 WI (1.16%)	-	-	2,348 WI (5.30%)	-	-	-	1 WI (0.00%)	-	-	-	-
April 11	0 (of 58)	Illinois Pres. primary 176,671	1,078 WI (0.62%)	-	447 WI (0.26%)	-	-	15,348 WI (8.87%)	155,945 (90.15%)	-	-	-	49 WI (0.03%)	-	-	86 WI (0.04%)
	58 (of 58)	Illinois primary ?	-	-	-	-	-	2 110,728 (?%)	56 143,353 (?%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
April 12	6 (of 6)	Delaware convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-
	17 (of 17)	Georgia convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	17
April 13	14 (of 14)	Connecticut convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14
April 17	10 (of 10)	Rhode Island convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10
April 18	16 (of 16)	Nebraska primary 88,607	15,837 WI (17.87%)	14 29,850 (33.69%)	-	-	-	2,256 WI (2.55%)	-	-	-	2 26,884 (30.34%)	10 WI (0.01%)	-	-	13,770 (15.54%)
April 19	2 (of 2)	Alaska Territorial Convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
April 21	8 (of 8)	Idaho convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8
	8 (of 8)	Montana primary 14,194	564 WI (3.97%)	8 10,415 (73.38%)	-	-	-	2,635 WI (18.56%)	-	-	-	134 WI (0.94%)	64 WI (0.45%)	-	-	382 (2.69%)
April 25	36 (of 36)	Massachusetts Pres. primary 108,969	-	-	-	-	-	46,206 (42.40%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	36 62,763 (57.60%)
	0 (of 28)	New Jersey Pres. primary 1,764	393 WI (22.28%)	-	74 WI (4.20%)	-	-	1,084 WI (61.45%)	-	-	-	86 WI (4.88%)	-	5 WI (0.28%)	-	122 WI (6.92%)
	28 (of 28)	New Jersey primary ?	-	-	-	-	-	2 ? (?%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	26 41,367 (?%)
	48 (of 48)	Ohio primary 140,682	469 WI (0.33%)	-	-	48 122,165 (86.84%)	-	1,932 WI (1.37%)	-	-	-	1,683 WI (1.20%)	-	-	-	14,433 (10.26%)
April 27	15 (of 15)	Arkansas convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15
	6 (of 6)	New Mexico convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6
May 1	12 (of 12)	Mississippi convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12
May 2	26 (of 26)	California primary 229,349	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	26 229,349 (100.00%)
	8 (of 8)	Utah convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8
May 3	12 (of 12)	Colorado convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12
May 4	21 (of 21)	Tennessee convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	21
May 5	16 (of 16)	West Virginia convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16
May 6	6 (of 6)	Arizona convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6
	14 (of 14)	Washington convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14
May 8	6 (of 6)	Wyoming convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6
May 9	16 (of 16)	Maryland convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16
May 16	0 (of 72)	Pennsylvania Pres. primary 270,195	1,804 WI (0.67%)	-	-	-	-	12,359 WI (4.57%)	-	-	382 WI (0.14%)	20,255 WI (7.50%)	-	233,095 (86.27%)	-	1,526 WI (1.57%)
	72 (of 72)	Pennsylvania primary ?	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	17 208,325 (?%)	-	55 251,514 (?%)
	0 (of 8)	Vermont primary 7,834	5,480 WI (69.95%)	-	180 WI (2.30%)	-	-	1,931 WI (24.65%)	-	28 WI (0.36%)	-	34 WI (0.43%)	-	-	-	181 WI (2.31%)
May 19	10 (of 10)	Oregon primary 94,915	10 56,764 (59.81%)	27,558 (29.03%)	-	10,593 (11.16%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
May 20	16 (of 16)	Mississippi convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16
May 23	10 (of 10)	South Dakota primary 29,656	-	10 29,656 (100.00%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
May 24	26 (of 26)	Texas convention	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	26
May 26	8 (of 8)	Vermont convention	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
June 6	0 (of 16)	West Virginia Pres. primary 18,685	-	-	-	15,823 (84.68%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2,862 (15.32%)
Total 983 pledged delegates 1,704,783 votes			18 78,482 (4.60%)	82 191,850 (11.25%)	0 1,214 (0.07%)	48 148,581 (8.72%)	56 176,224 (10.34%)	4 90,161 (5.29%)	56 155,945 (9.15%)	0 28 (0.00%)	0 382 (0.02%)	32 132,134 (7.75%)	25 133,549 (7.83%)	17 233,100 (13.67%)	6 - (0.00%)	629 390,489 (22.91%)
Suspected Delegate Count Eve of Convention			224 (22.70%)	89 (9.02%)	82 (8.31%)	70 (7.09%)	65 (6.56%)	60 (6.08%)	56 (5.67%)	54 (5.47%)	40 (4.05%)	38 (3.85%)	36 (3.65%)	19 (1.93%)	6 (0.61%)	144 (1.42%)

Campaign

Delegate selections began as early as March.

Early in the campaign, Theodore Roosevelt attempted to dampen widespread hopes that he would accept a joint Republican and Progressive nomination. On March 9, he issued a statement to the press insisting that his name "not be brought into the Massachusetts primaries" and "emphatically" declining to be a candidate. However, he declined to issue a Shermanesque statement and declared that his nomination would be a mistake "unless the country had in its mood something of the heroic." The New York Times reported the statement under the headline "ROOSEVELT'S HAT AGAIN IN THE RING."

While Roosevelt's support came largely from outside the Republican Party establishment, party loyalists attempted to recruit a candidate who would be acceptable to Progressives, or at least pacify Roosevelt. Their first choice was Charles Evans Hughes. Hughes, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, had the virtue of making few statements on political issues; even as an active politician, he had a character for reticence. He also had a reputation for progressivism as Governor of New York. When Roosevelt returned from the Caribbean in late March, he found two presidential booms underway: one for himself and one for Hughes. Roosevelt privately feared Hughes would merely be "Wilson with whiskers." However, Hughes was adamant that he was not a candidate; he had refused consideration in 1912 and had even stopped voting since joining the Court. "It seems to me very clear that, as a member of the Supreme Court, I have no right to be a candidate, either actively or passively," he wrote to New Jersey governor Edward C. Stokes.

"I am torn between two profound desires: one to keep the judicial ermine unsullied and the other not to fail in meeting what might be a duty to the country."

Charles Evans Hughes

On March 31, Roosevelt made his first overt move toward a return to the Republican Party by lunching with Elihu Root, who as president of the 1912 Republican National Convention had been the focus of Roosevelt's tirades for four years. With Wilson apparently vulnerable once more following Pancho Villa's attack on United States soil, Roosevelt appeared to be holding himself out for the nomination. However, Root himself had presidential ambitions as well.

Despite his denials, supporters entered Hughes's name in the April Nebraska primary. Hughes responded by threatening legal action to keep his name off the state ballot; nevertheless, the media and party supporters continued to trumpet Hughes as a candidate. He was finally persuaded by a letter from former President Taft, who argued that Hughes was the only man who could united the Progressives and Republicans and defeat Wilson. Taft wrote, "Your opportunity as President to guide the country through the trial bound to come after the war will be as great as Washington's or Lincoln's. You are equal to it. Strong men will respond to your call because you are yourself so satisfying in strength and in your political courage and patriotism." Sufficiently flattered, Hughes consulted with his colleagues Willis Van Devanter and Edward Douglass White; both urged him to accept if nominated.

Meanwhile, Roosevelt campaign committees and headquarters were soon established across the country. Roosevelt himself confided to Hiram Johnson that his true ambition was to "get the Republicans and Progressive together for someone whom we can elect and whom it will be worth electing." Privately, he believed that was Hughes, but held on to the ambition that he would be drafted by the delegates. Roosevelt's support faded after President Wilson took a stronger rhetorical stance against Germany.

May: Hughes in front

As the convention approached, Hughes began to receive intimations from Chief Justice White and Interior Secretary Franklin Lane that Wilson planned to appoint him as Chief Justice on White's retirement. Hughes responded that he would not allow the offer to affect his decision; he may have resolved to accept the nomination rather than be implicated in an apparent quid pro quo with Wilson. As the campaign came to a close, Hughes polled as the first choice of many Republican voters. He won the May primaries in Vermont (over Roosevelt) and Oregon (over Cummins) by wide margins. Frank Harris Hitchcock and Eugene Meyer, who managed the Hughes boom, found little trouble winning commitments from independent delegates to vote for Hughes.

Pre-convention maneuvering

On June 8, as the Republican and Progressive parties each convened in Chicago, leaders of the two met privately to discuss a compromise candidate. The Progressives made clear that the only acceptable name was Roosevelt; Republicans balked and resolved to risk a split by nominating Hughes or a more conservative man.

See also

• 1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries

References

Bibliography

• Morris, Edmund (2010). Colonel Roosevelt. New York: Random House.
• Simon, James F. (2012). FDR and Chief Justice Hughes: the President, the Supreme Court, and the Epic Battle Over the New Deal. New York: Simon & Schuster.