Béchamel sauce (/ˌbeɪʃəˈmɛl/, French: [beʃamɛl] ⓘ) is one of the mother sauces of French cuisine, made from a white roux (butter and flour) and milk,[1] seasoned with ground nutmeg.[2]
 | |
| Alternative names | White sauce |
|---|---|
| Type | Sauce |
| Place of origin | France |
| Main ingredients | Butter, flour, milk |
| Variations | Mornay sauce, cardinal sauce, Nantua sauce, Breton sauce, suprême sauce, soubise sauce |
Origin
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The first recipe of a sauce similar to béchamel is in the book Le cuisinier françois by François Pierre de La Varenne in 1651, made with a roux, as in modern recipes.[3] The name of the sauce was given in honour of Louis de Béchameil, a financier who held the honorary post of chief steward to King Louis XIV of France in the 17th century.
The first named béchamel sauce appears in The Modern Cook, written by Vincent La Chapelle and published in 1733,[4] in which the following recipe for "Turbots (a la Bechameille)" appears:
Take some Parsley and Chibbol,[5] and mince them very small, put in a Saucepan a good lump of Butter, with your Parsley and Chibbol, and some minced Shallots, season'd with Salt and Pepper, some Nutmeg, and a dust of Flour: Take a Turbot boil'd in Court Bouillon, take it off by pieces and put it into your Stew-pan: put in a little Cream, Milk, or a little Water, put it over the Fire, and stir it now and then, that your Sauce may thicken; then let it be of a good Taste, dish it up, and serve it up hot for a first Course.[6]
Adaptations
editThere are many legends regarding the origin of béchamel sauce. For example, it is widely repeated in Italy that the sauce has been created in Tuscany under the name "salsa colla" and brought to France with Catherine de Medici, but this is an invented story,[7] and archival research has shown that "in the list of service people who had dealt with Catherine de Medici, since her arrival in France and until her death, there were absolutely no Italian chefs."[8] Both the béchamel recipe and its name have been adopted, even adapted, in many languages and culinary traditions.
Béchamel, although not with this name, was already described in Italian texts of the Renaissance: in particular in the "Book of cuisine of the 14th century" by Anonimo Toscano, the recipe for a dish called "biancomangiare" is cited. The 14th century recipe required sifting the (rice) flour, then diluting it with goat's, sheep's or almond milk and finally boiling it in a pan. To this sauce was then added a finely chopped chicken breast, white lard, sugar and almonds.[9]
Béchamel is referred to as:
- besciamella or balsamella in Italy,[10]
- μπεσαμέλ (spelled mpesamél, pronounced besamél) in Greece,[11]
- بشمل (bashamel) in Egypt,[12]
- he:רוטב בשאמל in Israel,
- бешамель (biešamieĺ) in Russia,[13]
- beszamel in Poland,[14] and
- white sauce in the U.S.[15]
These adaptations have also caused various erroneous claims for the recipe's origin.[16][17]
Variants
editBéchamel can be used as the base for many other sauces, such as Mornay, which is béchamel with cheese.[18] In Greek cuisine, béchamel (σάλσα μπεσαμέλ) is often enriched with egg.[19]
Uses
editBéchamel is used in dishes such as the Italian lasagne al forno[20] and canelons (Catalan; Castilian canelones), a Catalan version of Italian cannelloni.[21][22] It was introduced to Greek cuisine by the chef Nikolaos Tselementes in the 1930s,[23] notably in moussaka[24] and pastitsio.[25] The Karelian-Finnish sipatti is smoked, cubed and sauteed pork belly in white sauce base,[26] and kananmunakastike is boiled and sliced eggs in a white sauce base.[27] These are typically eaten as main dishes with potatoes.
See also
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References
edit- ^ "How to Make Bechamel Sauce". escoffieronline.com. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ "Sauce béchamel par Alain Ducasse". L'Académie du Goût (in French). Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ La Varenne, François Pierre (1651). Le cuisinier françois , enseignant la manière de bien apprester et assaisonner toutes sortes de viandes... légumes,... par le sieur de La Varenne,... (in French).
- ^ Kurlansky, Mark (8 May 2018). Milk!: A 10,000-Year Food Fracas. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781632863843.
- ^ "Oxford English Dictionary: chibol, n."
- ^ La Chappelle, Vincent (1733). The modern cook: containing instructions for preparing and ordering publick entertainments for the tables of princes, ambassadors, noblemen, and magistrates. As also the least expensive methods of providing for private families, in a very elegant manner. New receipts for dressing of meat, fowl, and fish; and making ragoûts fricassées, and pastry of all sorts, in a method, never before publish'd. Adorn'd with copperplates, exhibiting the order of placing the different dishes, &c. on the table, in the most polite way. London: T. Osborne. p. 138.
- ^ Cesari, Luca (2024-01-21). "Caterina de' Medici: così i francesi hanno inventato il mito di una regina in cucina". Gambero Rosso (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-08-14.
- ^ Antonella Campanini (18 December 2018). "The New Gastronome The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici A Gastronomic Myth". Università di Scienze Gastronomiche di Pollenzo. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ^ ""Se vuoi fare il Blasmangeri"". Libro di cucina del secolo XIV a cura di Ludovico Frati. Livorno: Raffaello Giusti, editore. 1899. pp. XI.Il biancomangiare non è in alcun modo una "preparazione simile" alla besciamella
- ^ Farideh Sadeghin (7 January 2008). "Besciamella (Italian-Style Béchamel Sauce)". saveur.com. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ Nancy Gaifyllia (27 March 2020). "A Basic Greek Besamel (Bechamel)". thespruceeats.com. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ McWilliams, Mark (2016). Food and Communication: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2015. Oxford Symposium. p. 15. ISBN 9781909248496.
- ^ Molokhovets, Elena (1998). Classic Russian Cooking: Elena Molokhovets' A Gift to Young Housewives. Indiana University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780253212108.
- ^ Strybel, Robert and Maria (2005). Polish Heritage Cookery. Hippocrene Books. p. 519. ISBN 9780781811248.
- ^ Durand, Faith (2010-11-10). "How To Make a Béchamel Sauce (White Sauce)". Kitchn. AT Media. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
- ^ Tselementes, Nicholas (1972). Greek Cookery. D.C.: Divry. ISBN 9780900834745.
- ^ "History and legends of Béchamel sauce". What's cooking America. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ^ Delmy Dauenhauer, 10 Ways to Use Béchamel Sauce, London : SamEnrico, 2015, ISBN 9781505738384.
- ^ Tselementes, Nikolaos K. (1950). Greek Cookery. D.C. Divry. p. 92.
- ^ Jacqui Debono (27 February 2018). "Classic Lasagne al Forno with Bolognese". the-pasta-project.com. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ "Canelones de San Esteban". littlespain.com. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ "Cultura popular – Canelons". barcelona.cat. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Aglaia Kremezi (1996), "Nikolas Tselementes" in Walker, Harlan (Ed.) Cooks and Other People, (Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1995). Totnes: Prospect Books. ISBN 0907325726. pp 162–169 Text at Google Books
- ^ Eli K. Giannopoulos (14 May 2013). "Traditional Greek Moussaka recipe (Moussaka with Béchamel)". mygreekdish.com. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- ^ Mannering, Sam (21 August 2022). "You should make pastitsio - a kind of Greek lasagne - tonight". Stuff. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
Pour the bechamel sauce over the top of the beef, followed by the rest of the pasta, pressing it slightly into the bechamel
- ^ https://www.soosinystavat.fi/ruokaperinnetta
- ^ Kotiliesi magazine, Otava Media 2024. https://kotiliesi.fi/resepti/isoaidin-kananmunakastike/
External links
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- Free Culinary School Video Episode 11—An educational podcast episode that talks about the classical French technique used for making Sauce Béchamel and a few secondary sauces including Mornay, Basic Cream, Cheddar Cheese and Mustard Sauce.
- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.