Wikipedia

Bayt Nuba

Bayt Nuba (Arabic: بيت نوبا) is a depopulated Palestinian Arab village, located halfway between Jerusalem and Ramla. During the 1967 Six Day War, Zionist troops ethnically cleansed[2][3][4][5] Bayt Nuba and replaced it with the Jewish-only settlement of Mevo Horon.[6][7][8]

Bayt Nuba
بيت نوبا
Bait Nuba, Beit Nubah, Beit Nouba
Etymology: "House of Nuba"[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Bayt Nuba (click the buttons)
Bayt Nuba is located in Mandatory Palestine
Bayt Nuba
Bayt Nuba
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°51′12″N 35°1′57″E / 31.85333°N 35.03250°E / 31.85333; 35.03250
Palestine grid153/139
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictRamle
Date of depopulation7 June 1967 (?)
Cause(s) of depopulationExpulsion by Israeli forces
Current LocalitiesMevo Horon

History

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Historically identified with the biblical city of Nob mentioned in the Book of Samuel,[9] that association has been eschewed in modern times.[10] The village is mentioned in extrabiblical sources including the writings of 5th-century Roman geographers, 12th-century Crusaders and a Jewish traveller, a 13th-century Syrian geographer, a 15th-century Arab historian, and Western travellers in the 19th century.

The Israeli settlement of Mevo Horon was established on its lands in 1970.[8]

History

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The name Bayt nūbā /Bēt nūba/ in its current form, is of Aramaic extraction, with the 2nd component is from Aram. nwb’ “the fruit”.[11]

5th century Christian scholar, Eusebius of Caesarea, mentioned the village in his Onomasticon, under the name Beth Annabam and situated it at a distance of 8 Roman miles from Lydda.[12][13] His contemporary, Jerome, identifies it as biblical Nob.[12]

During the Crusades, it was called Betynoble.[14] The Crusaders identified Beit Nuba with biblical Nob,[15] as did the 12th-century Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela.[12] The village served as the forward position for Saladin's troops for their move towards Jerusalem in September 1187 and later for Richard the Lionheart and his troops who camped there in 1191 and 1192.[14]

In the Crusader period, Kurds settled in Bayt Nuba.[16] Writing in the 13th century during the time of Mamluk rule over Palestine, Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Syrian geographer, noted of Bayt Nuba, that it was, "A small town in the neighbourhood of Filastin (Ar Ramlah)."[9] A road from Ramla to Jerusalem that passed through Bayt Nuba, al-Qubeiba, and Nabi Samwil was the preferred route for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land at the time.[17] On the maps produced by the Palestine Exploration Fund, the road, which stretches from al-Qubeiba to Jerusalem, is marked in the legend as a Roman road.

Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi (1496), the Jerusalemite qadi and Arab historian, discussed the village's name in the context of other villages beginning with the word Bayt ("House"). He noted that conventional wisdom among the locals of his time held that they are named for Hebrew Bible prophets that were thought to have resided there in antiquity. He also delineated the village as forming the westernmost limit of what was considered the area of Jerusalem at his time.[18]

Ottoman era

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The village does not appear in 16th century tax records.[19]

 
Part of medieval church discovered by Clermont-Ganneau, and destroyed in 1967.[20]

The waqf custodian of the mosque in Bayt Nuba (and 'Allar) in 1810 was appointed by the Ottoman imperial authorities, and hailed from the Jerusalem family of notables, the Dajanis.[21]

Edward Robinson and Eli Smith visited Beit Nubah in 1838[22] and 1852,[23] and identified it as the Nobe mentioned by Jerome and considered by some of their contemporaries to be Bethannaba.[22][23] Victor Guérin noted in 1863 the presence of a small mosque in the village named Djama Sidi Ahmed et-Tarfinù. At his time, Beit-Nouba was made up of about 400 inhabitants whose homes were constructed on a hill between two valleys. In large, modern buildings in the village could be seen traces of more ancient building materials incorporated therein and there are some ancient cisterns as well.[24]

Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Bet Nuba had 23 houses and a population of 97, though the population count included men, only.[25] Hartmann found that Bet Nuba had 20 houses.[26]

In 1873, Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau discovered the remains of a large medieval church in the village.[27][28] In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Bayt Nuba as a "good-sized village on flat ground".[29]

In 1896 the population of Bet Nuba was estimated to be about 723 persons.[30]

Some residents of the village had origins in Transjordan.[16]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bayt Nuba had a population of 839 inhabitants, all Muslims.[31] This had increased in the 1931 census to 944, still all Muslim, in 226 houses.[32]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Beit Nuba and Ajanjul was 1,240, all Muslims,[33] while the total land area was 11,401 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[34] Of this, 1,002 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 6,997 for cereals,[35] while 74 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[36]

Jordanian era

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Map showing depopulated and destroyed Palestinian villages in the Latrun area, and the Israeli settlement of Mevo Horon and Canada Park, established after Israel's occupation of the area in the wake of the 1967 war

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the village was garrisoned by the Arab Legion to defend the Latrun salient. Located 2 miles (3.2 km) behind the front line, it was subject to a skirmish attack launched by Israeli forces in Operation Yoram on the night of June 8, 1948.[37]

The 1949 armistice line fell just a few kilometers to the south and west of villages in the Latrun salient and with a dispute between Israel and Jordan over where it lay exactly, much of the area surrounding Bayt Nuba was declared no man's land, resulting in social and economic separation from the surrounding areas. Residents of Bayt Nuba and other Latrun villages were granted Jordanian citizenship following Jordan's annexation of the West Bank in 1950. Many were prompted many to leave the area to seek livelihoods in Jordan, the Persian Gulf, South America or elsewhere due to violence between villagers and Israeli troops and the loss of access to farmlands.[38]

In 1961, the population was 1,350 persons.[39]

1967, and aftermath

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The Latrun area was captured by Israeli troops in the first few hours of the 1967 war and the next night, orders were broadcast by Israeli military jeeps to villagers in Bayt Nuba, Yalo, and Imwas to leave their homes, resulting in some 12,000 people leaving in the space of a few hours. With the war's completion, a radio announcement from the military said villagers in the West Bank who had vacated their homes should return; however, the villagers of Bayt Nuba and the others from the Latrun area were forbidden from doing so as most of the area was declared a closed military zone. Those who tried to return were stopped at checkpoints where some were shot at. The built up area of Bayt Nuba was destroyed in military engineered explosions after the war's end, an act witnessed by some of the former residents who had fled nearby hills.[38] After the destruction, the remains of the medieval church, first described by Clermont-Ganneau, have not been located.[28]

Part of the farmlands of Bayt Nuba lay outside the closed military zone and some refugees from the village rented homes in a nearby village with a population of around 7,000 (called "Bayt Hajjar" by the author) to continue farming those lands.[38][40] The settlement of Mevo Horon was built on the lands of Bayt Nuba in 1970.[8]

Where did they come from

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Some of Bayt Nuba's residents were Kurds who settled in Palestine during the Crusader era, while others came from Transjordan.[16]

References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 286
  2. ^ Mundinger, Ulla. "Walking on Ruins: The Untold Story of Yalu." Jerusalem Quarterly 69 (2017): 22.
  3. ^ Davis, U. (2004). APARTHEID ISRAEL AND THE JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF CANADA.
  4. ^ Petersen, Kim. "Canada: The Honest Broker?."
  5. ^ Kanj, Jamal Krayem. Children of catastrophe: Journey from a Palestinian refugee camp to America. Garnet Publishing Ltd, 2010.
  6. ^ Keinon, H. "Palestinians campaign to regain 'occupied' Latrun". Jerusalem Post.
  7. ^ "Palestinian Emigration and Israeli Land Expropriation in the Occupied Territories". Journal of Palestine Studies. 3 (1). University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies: 106–118. Autumn 1973. doi:10.1525/jps.1973.3.1.00p0131i. JSTOR 2535530.
  8. ^ a b c Legal Brief
  9. ^ a b Le Strange, 1890, p. 415.
  10. ^ Boaz Zissu (2012). "Excavations near Nahmanides Cave in Jerusalem and the question of the identification of Biblical Nob". Israel Exploration Journal. 62: 54–70.
  11. ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  12. ^ a b c Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 14.
  13. ^ Chapmann III, R.L.; Taylor, J.E., eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 20 (s.v. Anob). ISBN 965-220-500-1. OCLC 937002750., with slight variant in distance: "Anob...now a village near Diospolis (Lydda), at the fourth milestone to the east, which is called Betoannaba."
  14. ^ a b Pringle, 1998, pp. 168, 224,337
  15. ^ Stubbs, ed., 1864, p. lxxxvii.
  16. ^ a b c Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 365
  17. ^ Pringle, 1998, p. 168
  18. ^ Moudjir ed-dyn, 1876, pp. 202, 230
  19. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 346
  20. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, p. 73
  21. ^ Kushner, 1986, p. 111.
  22. ^ a b Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 64
  23. ^ a b Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 145
  24. ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 285-286.
  25. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 147
  26. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 140
  27. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, pp. 70 ff.
  28. ^ a b Pringle, 1993, pp. 102-103
  29. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 13
  30. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 123
  31. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21
  32. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 18
  33. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 29
  34. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 66
  35. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 114
  36. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 164
  37. ^ Morris, 2008, pp. 239-240.
  38. ^ a b c Kelly, 2009, pp. 29-32
  39. ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 24 It was further noted (note 2) that it was governed by a mukhtar.
  40. ^ Kelly, 2006, p. 9

Bibliography

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