Wikipedia

COVID-19 lockdown in China

For broader coverage of this topic, see Chinese government response to COVID-19.

On 23 January 2020, the central government of China imposed a lockdown in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei in an effort to quarantine the center of an outbreak of COVID-19; this action was commonly referred to as the Wuhan lockdown (Chinese: 武汉封城; pinyin: Wǔhàn fēng chéng). The World Health Organization (WHO), although stating that it was beyond its own guidelines, commended the move, calling it "unprecedented in public health history".[2]

COVID-19 lockdown in China
Part of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
Top: Montage of various scenes in Wuhan during the outbreak
Bottom Map Legend:
  •   Areas that have been or are being blocked due to the outbreak
      Areas not yet blocked but with more cases
Date23 January – 8 April 2020 (2 months, 2 weeks and 2 days; most of Hubei ended on 25 March 2020; Wuhan lockdown ended on 8 April 2020)
Location
Hubei, China
Caused byCOVID-19 pandemic
GoalsQuarantine the region of the COVID-19 outbreak
MethodsSuspension of all public transport, and control of movement in and out of the city
Resulted inAbout 13 million quarantined in Wuhan;
over 57 million in fifteen other cities[1]
COVID-19 lockdown in China is located in China
COVID-19 lockdown in China
Wuhan in Hubei province, China
People in Wuhan rush to buy vegetables.

The lockdown in Wuhan set the precedent for similar measures in other Chinese cities. Within hours of the Wuhan lockdown, travel restrictions were also imposed on the nearby cities of Huanggang and Ezhou, and were eventually imposed on all 15 other cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people.[3][4] On 2 February 2020, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, implemented a seven-day lockdown in which only one person per household was allowed to exit once each two days, and most of the highway exits were closed.[5] On 13 March 2020, Huangshi[6] and Qianjiang[7] became the first Hubei cities to remove strict travel restrictions within part or all of their administrative confines. On 8 April 2020, the Wuhan lockdown officially ended.[8] The lockdown, combined with other public health measures in early 2020, succeeded in suppressing virus transmission and averted a more widespread outbreak in China.[9][10]

Subsequent lockdowns were introduced in other regions of China in response to localised outbreaks during the two years following. The largest of these was Shanghai in early 2022.

Some Western observers, such as Amnesty International, were initially skeptical of the lockdown;[11][12] however, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread to other countries and territories, similar measures were enacted around the globe.

A series of protests in mainland China against COVID-19 lockdowns began in November 2022.

On 7 December 2022, China's National Health Commission in a 10-point announcement stipulated that negative COVID-19 tests would no longer be required, apart from vulnerable areas such as nurseries, elderly care facilities and schools.[13]

Background

edit

Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province in China. With a population of over 11 million, it is the largest city in Hubei, the most populous city in Central China, the seventh-most populous Chinese city, and one of the nine National Central Cities of China. Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain, on the confluence of the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Han River. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities. Because of its key role in domestic transport, Wuhan is known as the "Nine Provinces' Thoroughfare" (九省通衢)[14] and sometimes referred to as "the Chicago of China".[15][16][17]

2020 lockdowns

edit

Hubei

edit
 
The last train on the Wuhan Metro before the lockdown
 
Map of locked down administrative divisions of Hubei

In mid-December 2019 the Chinese Government acknowledged an emerging cluster of people, many linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, were infected with pneumonia with no clear causes. Chinese scientists subsequently linked the pneumonia to a new strain of coronavirus that was given the initial designation 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Some of the first symptoms appeared on 10 December, and 24 cases were later discovered to have connection to the seafood market.[18]

Within three weeks of the first known cases, the government built sixteen large mobile hospitals in Wuhan and sent 40,000 medical staff to the city.[19]: 137 

On 10 January 2020, the first death and 41 clinically confirmed infections caused by the coronavirus were reported.[20]

By 22 January, the novel coronavirus had spread to major cities and provinces in China, with 571 confirmed cases and 17 deaths reported. Confirmed cases were also reported in other regions and countries, including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.

According to Li Lanjuan, a professor at Zhejiang University's school of medicine and member of the high-level expert team convened by the National Health Commission, she had urged a lockdown on Wuhan on several occasions between 19 January and 22 January 2020 as a last resort to contain the epidemic.[21]

At 2 am on 23 January, authorities issued a notice informing residents of Wuhan that from 10 am, all public transport, including buses, railways, flights, and ferry services would be suspended. The Wuhan Airport, the Wuhan railway station, and the Wuhan Metro were all closed. The residents of Wuhan were also not allowed to leave the city without permission from the authorities.[22] The notice caused an exodus from Wuhan. An estimated 300,000 people were reported to have left Wuhan by train alone before the 10 am lockdown.[23] By the afternoon of 23 January, the authorities began shutting down some of the major highways leaving Wuhan.[24] The lockdown came two days before the Chinese New Year, the most important festival in the country, and traditionally the peak traveling season, when millions of Chinese travel across the country.[22][24]

Following the lockdown of Wuhan, public transportation systems in two of Wuhan's neighboring prefecture-level cities, Huanggang and Ezhou, were also placed on lockdown.[22] A total of 12 other county to prefecture-level cities in Hubei, including Huangshi, Jingzhou, Yichang, Xiaogan, Jingmen, Suizhou, Xianning, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Shiyan, Tianmen and Enshi, were placed on traveling restrictions by the end of 24 January, bringing the number of people affected by the restriction to more than 50 million.[1]

Lockdown timeline

edit
  • 23 January, transport in Wuhan, Huanggang and Ezhou severely restricted, including closure of public transit, trains, airports, and major highways
  • 24 January, travel restrictions enacted in 12 additional prefecture-level cities in Hubei
  • 13 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 20 February.
  • 20 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, and all schools in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 10 March.[25]
  • 13 March: Huangshi removes controls and permits on road traffic within its urban area;[6] Qianjiang does the same for its entire administrative area.[7]
  • 14 March: Hubei Sanitation and Health Committee (卫生健康委员会) Vice-chairperson Liu Dongru (柳东如) announces that only Wuhan remains a "high-risk area",[26] and that the entirety of the rest of the province is considered medium- or "low-risk areas". Any low-risk township-level divisions, in addition to those medium- and high-risk divisions with no confirmed active cases, could lift their blockades and other mobility controls.[27] Per China News Service reporting, by 14 March, besides the aforementioned Huangshi and Qianjiang, Yichang, Huanggang, Suizhou, Xiantao, Jingzhou, Jingmen, Shiyan, Xiangyang, Tianmen and Shennongjia had announced "measures to lessen controls" and for industries to incrementally resume work and production.[27]
  • 17 March: Jingzhou removes its permit requirements for transport, resuming normal transport operations, and also removes entry/exit controls on xiaoqu.[28]
  • 18 March: The Hubei taskforce to control COVID-19 (湖北省新冠肺炎疫情防控指挥部) announces that, with the exception of exit/entry into Wuhan and the province as a whole, all anti-COVID-19 traffic checkpoints within the province are to be removed.[29]
  • 22 March: Wuhan loosens its two-month lockdown.[30]
  • 25 March: Hubei lifts the lockdown outside of Wuhan,[31] although people will still need to confirm their "Green Code" health classification, designated by Alipay's monitoring system,[31] to travel.[32]
  • 8 April: Wuhan lifts its lockdown, resumes all transportation,[33] with residents intending to leave the city facing similar "Green Code" requirements as those in the rest of the province.[32][34]


Cities under lockdown in China
Place Province Start date End date City level Population Cases Deaths Recoveries Active
Wuhan Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-04-08[35][27][36] Sub-provincial 11,081,000 50,340 3,869 46,471 0
Xiaogan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 4,920,000 3,518 129 3,389 0
Huanggang Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 6,330,000 2,907 125 2,782 0
Jingzhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-17[38] Prefectural 5,590,200 1,580 52 1,528 0
Ezhou Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 1,077,700 1,394 59 1,335 0
Suizhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 2,216,700 1,307 45 1,262 0
Xiangyang Hubei 2020-01-28[39] 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 5,669,000 1,175 40 1,135 0
Huangshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[40] Prefectural 2,470,700 1,015 39 976 0
Yichang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 4,135,850 931 37 894 0
Jingmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 2,896,500 928 41 887 0
Xianning Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 2,543,300 836 15 821 0
Shiyan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 3,406,000 672 8 664 0
Xiantao Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Sub-prefectural 1,140,500 575 22 553 0
Tianmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Sub-prefectural 1,272,300 496 15 481 0
Enshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 3,378,000 252 7 245 0
Qianjiang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[41] Sub-prefectural 966,000 198 9 189 0
Shennongjia Hubei 2020-01-27 2020-03-25[37] Sub-prefectural 78,912 11 0 11 0
Wenzhou Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-20[42] Prefectural 9,190,000 507 1 503 3
Ürümqi Xinjiang 2020-07-18 2020-08-26[43] Prefectural 3,519,600 845 0 845 0
Shijiazhuang Hebei 2021-01-07 2021-01-31[44] Prefectural 11,031,200 977 1 962 14
Xi'an Shaanxi 2021-12-22[45] 2022-01-16[46] Sub-provincial 8,467,838 2,265 3 2,185 77
Yuzhou Henan 2022-01-04[47] 2022-01-31[48] County 1,167,000 - - - -
Anyang Henan 2022-01-10[49] 2022-02-03[50] Prefectural 5,477,614 522 0 522 0
Shenzhen Guangdong 2022-03-14[51][52] 2022-03-21[53][54] Sub-provincial 17,560,000 982 3 428 551
Shanghai Shanghai 2022-04-01[55] 2022-06-01[56] Direct-administered municipality 24,870,895
Lockdown total 101,602,895 68,135 4,512 63,623 0
Outbreak ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 4 June 2020.[57][58] Totals will evolve.


Elsewhere in China

edit

Lockdowns by outdoor restrictions

edit

On 1 February in Huanggang, Hubei implemented a measure whereby only one person from each household is permitted to go outside for provisions once every two days, except for medical reasons or to work at shops or pharmacies. Many cities, districts, and counties across mainland China implemented similar measures in the days following, including Wenzhou, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Harbin, and the whole of Jiangxi.

Chinese administrative divisions with household-based outdoor restrictions
Administrative
division 		Division
Level 		Provincial
division 		Start date End date Ordinary
population 		Population
year 		Notes Sources
Huanggang Prefectural Hubei 2020-02-01 2020-03-22 6,162,069 2010 [59]
Wenzhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-08 9,190,000 2017
Wenling Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-02 1,366,800 2010
Fangchenggang Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-02 2020-02-08 860,100 2010
Guigang Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-02 1,562,200
(Urban only) 		2010 Urban districts only
Yuzhou, Yulin District Guangxi 2020-02-02 2020-02-09 900,000 2010
Zhouzhi, Xi'an County Shaanxi 2020-02-02 562,768 2010 One person per household every day
Huyi, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-03 2020-02-09 556,377 2010 One person per household every day
Bengbu Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-03 3,164,467 2010
Huaibei Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-03 2,114,276 2010
Bincheng,
Binzhou 		District Shandong 2020-02-03 2020-02-09 682,717 2010
Taizhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-03 5,968,838 2010
Hangzhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-04 9,806,000 2017
Ezhou Prefectural Hubei 2020-02-04 1,048,668 2010
Fuzhou Prefectural Fujian 2020-02-04 7,660,000 2017
Xuzhou Prefectural Jiangsu 2020-02-04 2020-02-08 8,577,225 2010
Jingdezhen Prefectural Jiangxi 2020-02-04 2020-03-31 1,655,000 2015 [60]
Harbin Prefectural Heilongjiang 2020-02-04 10,635,971 2010
Yicheng,
Zhumadian 		District Henan 2020-02-04 721,723 2010 One person per household every five days
Xincheng, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-04 589,739 2010
Chang'an, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-04 1,083,285 2010
Yanta, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-05 1,178,529 2010
Lianhu, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-05 712,300 2015
Ningbo Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-05 8,202,000 2018
Hailing, Taizhou District Jiangsu 2020-02-05 594,656 2010
Hefei Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-05 7,965,300 2017
Fuyang Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-05 2020-02-08 7,599,913 2010
Benxi Prefectural Liaoning 2020-02-05 1,709,538 2017
Ngawa Autonomous
Prefecture 		Sichuan 2020-02-05 930,100 2015
Garzê Autonomous
Prefecture 		Sichuan 2020-02-05 1,164,900 2015
Liuzhou Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-05 3,758,700 2010
Guilin Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-05 4,961,600 2015
Jinchengjiang,
Hechi 		District Guangxi 2020-02-05 330,131 2010 One person per household every day
Jiangxi Province – 2020-02-06 2020-03-31 45,200,000 2013 [60]
Xianyang Prefectural Shaanxi 2020-02-06 5,096,001 2010
Jinzhou Prefectural Liaoning 2020-02-06 3,070,000 2010
Kuancheng,
Changchun 		District Jilin 2020-02-06 680,631 2010
Tangshan Prefectural Hebei 2020-02-07 7,935,800 2018
Baodi, Tianjin District Tianjin 2020-02-09 799,057 2010
Hubei Province – 2020-02-16 2020-03-13
~2020-04-08 		59,020,000 2018
Suifenhe County Heilongjiang 2020-04-08 69,607 2018 One person per household every three days
All 233,511,355 Sum of census data and population estimates above
 
Closed management in Jintan District, Changzhou, Jiangsu, where citizens are allowed outside for purchasing once every two days with permit.
 
Some areas took road closure measures to avoid the spread of COVID-19. Pictured is a road closure notice on Tianhe Road, Yucheng Subdistrict, Yuhuan, Zhejiang.
 
A slogan for road closure in Lyushunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning.
 
Residents in Wuhan had to buy daily necessities and food across the fence gate due to their community lockdown.

Closed management of communities

edit

Many areas across China have implemented what is called "closed management" (Chinese: 封闭式管理; pinyin: fēngbìshì guǎnlǐ) on a community-basis. In most of the areas where this came into effect, villages, communities, and units in most areas would only keep one entrance and exit point open, and each household is allowed limited numbers of entrances and exits. In some places, night-time access is prohibited, effectively a curfew, and in extreme cases, access is prohibited throughout the day.[61] People entering and leaving are required to wear masks and receive temperature tests. In some areas, vouchers are issued to the public, with vouchers and valid credentials. There are also areas where people are allowed to declare on WeChat mini-programs or public accounts and some apps at the same time.[62] Courier and food delivery personnel are usually prohibited from entering. Control in communities with confirmed cases is more stringent.

List by the time of official announcement:

Closed management of communities in Mainland China during the COVID-19 outbreak
Start Date End
Date 		Place Province City level Sources and Notes
2020-01-31 2020-03-25 Wanzhou Chongqing county [63]
2020-03-25 Liangping county
April 2020 Wuzhong City Ningxia prefecture
Yinchuan City prefecture
2020-02-02 2020-02-19 Wenzhou City Zhejiang prefecture [64][65][66][67][68]
2020-02-03 2020-04-10 Huai'an City Jiangsu prefecture [69]
Jiangyin City county [70]
2020-02-04 Hangzhou City Zhejiang Sub-provincial [71][72]
Ningbo City prefecture
Zhengzhou City Henan Sub-provincial
Zhumadian City prefecture
Linyi City Shandong prefecture
Harbin City Heilongjiang Sub-provincial
Nanjing City Jiangsu Sub-provincial [73]
Xuzhou City prefecture until 24:00 on 8 February
Changzhou City prefecture [74]
Nantong City prefecture [75]
Zhenjiang City prefecture [76]
Jiangyan District county [77]
Fuzhou City Fujian Sub-provincial
Jingdezhen City Jiangxi prefecture [78]
2020-02-05 Haikou City Hainan prefecture
Sanya City prefecture [79]
Kunming City Yunnan Sub-provincial
Qingdao City Shandong prefecture
Jinan City Sub-provincial
Tai'an City prefecture
Rizhao City prefecture
Nanchang City Jiangxi Sub-provincial
2020-03-18 Hefei City Anhui Sub-provincial
Nanning City Guangxi Sub-provincial
Shijiazhuang City Hebei Sub-provincial
Yangzhou City Jiangsu prefecture [80]
Taizhou City prefecture [81]
Suqian City prefecture [82]
Buning County County [83]
2020-02-06 — Liaoning
— Jiangxi [84]
Jilin City Jilin
2020-03-18 Ma'anshan City Anhui prefecture
Zhuhai City Guangdong prefecture
Ya'an City Sichuan prefecture
Neijiang City prefecture
Suzhou City Jiangsu prefecture [85]
2020-02-07 — Hubei Community closed management further added on 10 February
2020-03-18 — Anhui [86]
— Tianjin [87]
Guangzhou City Guangdong Sub-provincial
Shenzhen City prefecture
Lanzhou City Gansu Sub-provincial
Chengdu City Sichuan Sub-provincial [88]
Suining City prefecture
Guangyuan City prefecture
Guiyang City Guizhou Sub-provincial
Zunyi City prefecture
Tangshan City Hebei prefecture [89]
Lianyungang City Jiangsu prefecture [90]
Jiangjin District Chongqing county
2020-02-08 　 — Chongqing [91]
Ziyang City Sichuan prefecture
Foshan City Guangdong prefecture
2020-02-09 Deyang City Sichuan prefecture
Mianyang City prefecture
Huizhou City Guangdong prefecture
Dongguan City prefecture
Hanzhong City Shaanxi prefecture
Wuxi City Jiangsu prefecture [92]
2020-02-10 — Beijing [93]
— Shanghai [94]
2020-02-12 　 — Neimenggu [95]
2020-03-31 Jia County Henan County [96]
2020-04-08 　 Suifenhe City Heilongjiang prefecture [97]
14 March 2022 　 Shenzhen City Guangdong prefecture [98][99][100]

Impacts and reactions

edit

The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown resulted in angry responses on the Chinese microblogging website Sina Weibo from residents in other cities who were concerned that it could result in spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan were concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.[24][101]

The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown "unprecedented" and said it showed "how committed the authorities are to contain a viral breakout". However, WHO clarified that the move was not a recommendation that WHO had made and authorities have to wait and see how effective it is.[2] The WHO separately stated that the possibility of locking down an entire city in this way was "new to science".[102]

The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months, after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as investors reacting to the drastic measure sought safe haven for their investments.[103]

The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy, and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people.[104] Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighbourhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak, which was lifted after ten days.[104][105]

The lockdown caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and many expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. At the time, some experts questioned whether the large costs of such a vast lockdown, both financially and in terms of personal liberty, would translate to effective infection control.[102] Medical historian Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population," and said that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[106] Others, such as Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, defended the intent behind the lockdowns, saying that they have bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." Mathematical epidemiologist Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission."[107]

However, as the global COVID-19 pandemic worsened, similar lockdown measures were enacted around the world. After northern Italy became a new hotspot of the outbreak in late February, the Italian government has enacted what has been called a "Wuhan-style lockdown," by quarantining nearly a dozen towns of 50,000 people in the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto.[108][109] Iran, another developing hotspot for the coronavirus as of 25 February, has come under calls to assume similar lockdown procedures as China and Italy. Security experts such as Gal Luft of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security in Washington, have said that "The best way for Iran to deal with the disease is to do precisely what China has done – quarantine." and that "If Wuhan with its 11 million population can be under quarantine, so can Tehran with its 8 million"[110]

By late 2020, public health experts estimated that the Wuhan lockdown prevented between 500,000 and 3 million infections and between 18,000 and 70,000 deaths.[111] A November 2021 study examining data from the first half of 2020 estimated that over 347,000 deaths may have been prevented in China by COVID-19 prevention measures from 1 January 2020, to 31 July 2020. The estimate does not solely include deaths that would have occurred due to COVID-19. It includes deaths that were inadvertently prevented, such as from traffic collisions or air pollution.[112]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b 武汉肺炎病毒持续扩散 湖北下令封15个城市 | DW | 24 January 2020 (in Simplified Chinese). Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China". Reuters. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  3. ^ James Griffiths; Amy Woodyatt. "Wuhan coronavirus: Thousands of cases confirmed as China goes into emergency mode". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  4. ^ 襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市"封城". thepaper.cn (in Chinese (China)). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  5. ^ "China shuts down city of Wenzhou, far from virus epicentre". The Straits Times. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  6. ^ a b 湖北省黄石市：解除市区交通管制，停办通行证. Sina News. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  7. ^ a b 湖北潜江市民燃放烟花庆祝解封. Sina News. 13 March 2020.
  8. ^ Zhong, Raymond (7 April 2020). "China Ends Wuhan Lockdown, but Normal Life Is a Distant Dream". New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  9. ^ Lancet, The (2020). "COVID-19 and China: lessons and the way forward". Lancet. 396 (10246): 213. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31637-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7377676. PMID 32711779.
  10. ^ Lu, Guangyu; Razum, Oliver; Jahn, Albrecht; Zhang, Yuying; Sutton, Brett; Sridhar, Devi; Ariyoshi, Koya; von Seidlein, Lorenz; Müller, Olaf (1 January 2021). "COVID-19 in Germany and China: mitigation versus elimination strategy". Global Health Action. 14 (1): 1875601. doi:10.1080/16549716.2021.1875601. ISSN 1654-9716. PMC 7833051. PMID 33472568.
  11. ^ "Here are seven ways the coronavirus affects human rights". Amnesty International. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  12. ^ Bernstein, Lenny; Craig, Tim (24 January 2020). "Unprecedented Chinese quarantine could backfire, experts say". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  13. ^ "China announces a rollback of its strict anti-COVID-19 measures". NPR. Associated Press. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  14. ^ 九省通衢"盛宴开席" – 读我网. readmeok.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  15. ^ "Foreign News: On To Chicago". Time. 13 June 1938. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  16. ^ Jacob, Mark (13 May 2012). "Chicago is all over the place". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  17. ^ 水野幸吉 (Mizuno Kokichi) (2014). 中国中部事情：汉口 [Central China: Hankou]. Wuhan Press. p. 3. ISBN 9787543084612.
  18. ^ "Shrimp vendor at Wuhan market may be coronavirus 'patient zero'". New York Post. 27 March 2020.
  19. ^ Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-1-9848-7828-1.
  20. ^ Qin, Amy; Hernández, Javier C. (10 January 2020). "China Reports First Death From New Virus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  21. ^ "Build-up to coronavirus lockdown: inside China's decision to close Wuhan". Yahoo News. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  22. ^ a b c "Lockdowns rise as China tries to control virus". United Kingdom: BBC. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  23. ^ 武漢肺炎》高調「#逃離武漢」 封城前夕至少30萬人逃出 – 國際 – 自由時報電子報. Liberty Times (in Chinese). Taiwan. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  24. ^ a b c Regan, Helen; Griffiths, James; Culver, David; Guy, Jack. "Wuhan virus spreads as China puts cities on lockdown and scraps New Year celebrations". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  25. ^ 湖北：除疫情防控必需外各类企业不早于3月10日复工. Hubei Provincial New Coronavirus Infectious Pneumonia Prevention and Control Headquarters. Xinhua News Agency. 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  26. ^ 解禁！湖北封闭式管理松绑 武汉市为高风险地区. 15 March 2020.
  27. ^ a b c 湖北封閉式管理鬆綁 低風險鄉鎮社區全數解禁. Central News Agency (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  28. ^ 湖北荆州：17日起小区有序解封. 荆州发布 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  29. ^ 湖北：保供稳价 保障群众生活. ETToday.net (in Traditional Chinese). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  30. ^ "China scrambles to curb rise in imported coronavirus cases, Wuhan eases lockdown". India Today. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  31. ^ a b "China to lift travel restrictions in Hubei after months of coronavirus lockdown". The Guardian. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  32. ^ a b Guo, Zehan (郭泽涵) (24 March 2020). 中国发布丨明起湖北除武汉外地区解除离鄂通道管控 武汉4月8日起解除离汉离鄂通道管控. 中国网. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  33. ^ "China to Lift Lockdown Over Virus Epicenter Wuhan on April 8". Bloomberg. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  34. ^ "Green symbol on Chinese smartphone screens allows subway travel, hotel check-in; new 'health code' a tool in getting economy on its feet". MarketWatch. Associated Press. 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020.
  35. ^ 解禁！湖北封闭式管理松绑 武汉市为高风险地区 (in Chinese). 15 March 2020.
  36. ^ "China to Lift Lockdown Over Virus Epicenter Wuhan on April 8". Bloomberg. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "China to lift travel restrictions in Hubei after months of coronavirus lockdown". The Guardian. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  38. ^ 湖北荆州：17日起小区有序解封. 荆州发布 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  39. ^ 襄阳火车站关闭，湖北省最后一个地级市“封城”_媒体_澎湃新闻-The Paper. www.thepaper.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  40. ^ 湖北黄石：解除市区交通管制，停办通行证 (in Chinese). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  41. ^ 湖北潜江市民燃放烟花庆祝解封. Sina News. 13 March 2020.
  42. ^ "Coronavirus: China's Wenzhou city to reopen entrances and exits of highways". The Straits Times. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  43. ^ "Xinjiang starts to ease Covid-19 lockdown after surge in social media anger". South China Morning Post. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  44. ^ "Covid: China places 11m under lockdown after outbreak in northern city". 7 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  45. ^ "China's Xian locks down its 13 mln residents as COVID-19 cases mount". Reuters. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  46. ^ Press, Associated. "Chinese city Xi'an lifts some restrictions after 3-week lockdown". POLITICO. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  47. ^ "Yuzhou: Second Chinese city forced into Covid lockdown". BBC News. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  48. ^ "河南禹州：全域解封 转入常态化疫情防控". 31 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022.
  49. ^ "Millions more Chinese people ordered into lockdown to fight Covid outbreaks". The Guardian. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  50. ^ "解封后，安阳市将从这10个方面做好常态化疫情防控工作". 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022.
  51. ^ "Shenzhen shutdown in China COVID surge". 7NEWS. 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  52. ^ "China places 17 million residents of Shenzhen under Covid lockdown". The Standard. 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  53. ^ "Shenzhen lifts citywide lockdown as Covid-19 situation seen controllable". 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022.
  54. ^ "因疫情封城七天 中国深圳今解封". 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022.
  55. ^ "Covid lockdown extended in Shanghai as outbreaks put economy on the skids". The Guardian. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  56. ^ Patranobis, Sutirtho (16 May 2022). "China: Shanghai likely to reopen on June 1 with Covid-19 spread curbed". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  57. ^ "2020年6月4日湖北省新冠肺炎疫情情况 (Update on the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei province at 24:00 4 June 2020)". National Health Commission of Hubei Province (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  58. ^ 湖北疫情地图. feiyan.wecity.qq.com. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  59. ^ www.bjnews.com.cn. "湖北黄冈取消小区物理封闭 进出不受一户一人限制". www.bjnews.com.cn. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  60. ^ a b "取消社区封闭式管控、全面恢复餐饮经营……江西发布指引". www.yicai.com. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  61. ^ 湖北十堰张湾区实施战时管制 全国多小区限制夜间出行.
  62. ^ 南方都市报. 深圳：全部小区、城中村凭码（证）进出. 网易. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  63. ^ "重庆取消小区封闭式管理_重庆市人民政府网". www.cq.gov.cn. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  64. ^ 武漢肺炎 浙江溫州也限制居民外出，中央通訊社，2020/02/02
  65. ^ 聯合新聞網. "湖北外最嚴重疫情！溫州半封城 居民限制外出". 聯合新聞網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  66. ^ "黄冈后 温州发布最严出行管控通知". 金融界. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  67. ^ hermesauto (2 February 2020). "China shuts down city of Wenzhou, far from virus epicenter". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  68. ^ "温州市新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控工作领导小组通告(第7号)". www.wenzhou.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  69. ^ 淮安发布. "关于加强疫情期间社区防控工作的通告". 淮安市人民政府. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  70. ^ "江阴：全市住宅小区实行封闭管理". 无锡新传媒. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  71. ^ 武漢肺炎防疫 杭州全市實行封閉式管理，中央通訊社，2020/02/02
  72. ^ 杭州市人民政府关于实施"防控疫情，人人有责" 十项措施的通告，杭州网，2020/02/02
  73. ^ 自由時報. "武漢肺炎》六朝古都也淪陷！ 南京宣布封城". 自由時報. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  74. ^ "所有村庄、小区、单位实行封闭式管理！常州发布十二项措施". 扬子晚报. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  75. ^ 袁杰. "南通实行最严管控：所有小区、企业、单位封闭式管理". 澎湃新闻. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  76. ^ "【第6号】关于疫情期间全面做好人员管控工作的通告". 金山网. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  77. ^ "姜堰区关于加强新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控工作的通告". 泰州市姜堰区人民政府. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  78. ^ "深夜突发！南京、宁波、福州、哈尔滨…所有小区封闭管理！最狠这座城:每户5天只能1人外出采购1次".
  79. ^ "海南海口、三亚对所有村庄、小区等实行封闭式管理".
  80. ^ "扬州：所有村庄、小区、企业、单位实行封闭式管理". 扬子晚报. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  81. ^ 泰州发布. "关于严格疫情防控期间人员管控的通告（第7号）". 泰州市人民政府. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  82. ^ "宿迁市最新通告". 西楚网. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  83. ^ "关于进一步加强疫情防控期间小区管理的通告". 阜宁县人民政府. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  84. ^ "「封城」進階「封省」 遼寧、江西宣布全省封閉式管理". Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  85. ^ 1048苏州交通广播. "苏州市第7号通告". Retrieved 8 February 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ 安徽也宣布封省！中國封省已達四省 Archived 8 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine，2020/02/07，鉅亨網新聞中心
  87. ^ 首個實施「封閉式管理」直轄市　天津下令社區關閉非必要進出通道，東森新聞，2020-2-7
  88. ^ 成都全市城镇居住小区（院落）实行封闭式管理，人民网，2020-2-7
  89. ^ 廣州實施封閉式管理 要求滯留疫區者不得返城，聯合報，2020-2-7
  90. ^ "澎湃新闻-专注时政与思想-ThePaper.cn".
  91. ^ www.bjnews.com.cn. "重庆所有小区实行封闭式管理 每户定期派1人外出采购". www.bjnews.com.cn. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  92. ^ "无锡市第8号通告：进一步加强疫情期间社区防控工作". 无锡新传媒. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  93. ^ 武漢肺炎／北京半封城狀態社區管制 上海成關注目標，中央社，2020-02-10
  94. ^ 上海全市1.3万个小 区实现"封闭式管理"，新浪新闻，2020-02-10
  95. ^ 内蒙古对所有单位、小区、嘎查村实行封闭式管理 Archived 20 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine，中国经济新闻网，2020-02-12
  96. ^ "突发！河南郏县再次封村封小区，大多经营性场所暂停营业 | 第一财经". www.yicai.com. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  97. ^ 4月8日6时起 黑龙江绥芬河市所有小区实行封闭管理
  98. ^ "Shenzhen shutdown in China COVID surge". 7NEWS. 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  99. ^ "China places 17 million residents of Shenzhen under Covid lockdown". The Standard. 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  100. ^ "深圳：全市公交地铁停运！开展三轮全员核酸检测". 深圳市卫生健康委员会 (in Simplified Chinese). 深圳市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控指挥部. 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  101. ^ "Wuhan lockdown: China takes extreme measures to stop virus spread | DW | 23 January 2020". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  102. ^ a b "How is China coping with the coronavirus outbreak?". United Kingdom: BBC. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  103. ^ "China stocks slump 3% on Wuhan lockdown over virus outbreak". The Economic Times. India. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  104. ^ a b Levenson, Michael (22 January 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  105. ^ MacDougall, Clair (12 May 2015). "Liberia's Military Tries to Remedy Tension Over Ebola Quarantine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  106. ^ Markel, Howard (27 January 2020). "Opinion | Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  107. ^ "Wuhan quarantine bought the world time to prepare for Covid-19". STAT. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  108. ^ Oddone, Elisa. "Italy struggles with virus 'that doesn't respect borders'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  109. ^ "Could the US Contain a Coronavirus Outbreak?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  110. ^ "Fears mount as coronavirus outbreak worsens in sanctions-hit Iran". South China Morning Post. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  111. ^ "The real reason China is pushing for a better global response to the Covid-19 pandemic". South China Morning Post. 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  112. ^ Qi, Jinlei; Zhang, Dandan; Zhang, Xiang; Takana, Tanakao; Pan, Yuhang; Yin, Peng; Liu, Jiangmei; Liu, Shuocen; Gao, George F.; He, Guojun; Zhou, Maigeng (29 November 2021). "Short- and medium-term impacts of strict anti-contagion policies on non-COVID-19 mortality in China". Nature Human Behaviour. 6 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01189-3. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 34845358. S2CID 244751919.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_lockdown_in_China&oldid=1245091241"
  NODES
Chat 1
design 2
Done 3
eth 3
News 16
orte 5
see 5
Story 2