The Chief of the Army Staff (French: Chef d'état-major de l'armée de terre,[a] CEMAT)[2] is the military head of the French Army.[3] The chief directs the army staff and acts as the principal advisor to the Chief of the Defence Staff on subjects concerning the Army.[4] As such, they ensure the operational preparedness of their service branch, express their need for military and civilian personnel, and are responsible for maintaining the discipline, morale and conduct of their troops.[5] Special responsibilities can be assigned to them in relation to nuclear safety.[6]
| Chief of the Army Staff | |
|---|---|
| Chef d'état-major de l'armée de terre | |
 | |
 | |
| Ministry of the Armed Forces | |
| Type | Chief of Staff |
| Abbreviation | CEMAT |
| Member of | Chiefs of Staff Committee |
| Reports to | Chief of the Defence Staff |
| Seat | Hexagone Balard, Paris |
| Appointer | President of the Republic Requires the Prime Minister's countersignature |
| Formation | 8 June 1871 |
| First holder | François Hartung |
| Deputy | Major General of the Army |
| Website | defense.gouv.fr/terre |
The chief does not have a fixed term, nor an attached rank. In practice, however, a term has never exceeded five years and all chiefs since the late 1950s have been five–stars generals (OF–09). They are assisted in their duties by the Major General of the Army who will deputise if needed.
General Pierre Schill is the current chief and has been serving since 22 July 2021.
History
editCreation
editThe office was originally created on 8 June 1871 as Chief of the General Staff of the Army.[7] Following the fall of the Second French Empire, the central administration of the Ministry of War was reorganized. The Chief of Staff had full control of the operations of the army, military engineering services, military justice, and general resources such as the historic and geographic departments. The Chief reported directly to the Minister of War.
However, under some governments, the position was given a lesser importance and was attributed to a Général de brigade, the lowest of the two flag officer ranks existing at the time in the French Army. In normal circumstances, it was filled by a Général de division.
First World War
editIn times of war, the Chief of Staff of the French Army took charge of general headquarters (Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919) (GQG)). During the First World War, the leader of the French Armies was variously referred to as generalissimo or commander-in-chief.[b][8] In the closing years of the First World War I, the establishment of the Supreme War Council in 1917 led to overall command being held by General Ferdinand Foch, and by mid-1918 French Army Chief Philippe Pétain was subordinate to Foch. Although the war ended with the armistice in November 1918, the war-time organisation persisted until 1920.
Interwar
editDuring the interwar period, command of the French Army was divided between the vice president of the Superior War Council and the chief of the general staff of the Armies. Marshal Philippe Pétain was vice president from 1920 to 1931, when he was replaced by General Weygand. After Weygand retired in 1935 he was succeeded by Gamelin who held the two positions simultaneously.
Second World War
editThe position was abolished during the Battle of France and not reestablished until the end of the war.[9][10][11]
Postwar
editThe modern-day office of Chief of Staff of the Army was created in 1951.[12] The Chief is placed under the authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff and is member of the Chiefs of Staff committee.
Office holders
editThird Republic
edit| No. | Portrait | Rank & Name | Term | Minister | Commander-in-Chief | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | ||||||
| Office established | ||||||||
| 1 | 
|
Brigade general Edmond Hartung |
9 June 1871 | 2 June 1873 | 1 year, 358 days | Ernest de Cissey François du Barail |
Adolphe Thiers | [13] - |
| 2 | 
|
Division general Jean-Louis Borel |
2 June 1873 | 2 June 1874 | 1 year, 0 days | François du Barail Ernest de Cissey |
Patrice de MacMahon | [14] - |
| 3 | 
|
Division general[c] Henri Gresley |
2 June 1874 | 29 November 1877 | 3 years, 180 days | Ernest de Cissey Jean Berthaut Gaëtan de Rochebouët |
[15] - | |
| 4 | 
|
Division general Joseph de Miribel |
29 November 1877 | 25 January 1879 | 1 year, 57 days | Gaëtan de Rochebouët Jean-Louis Borel Henri Gresley |
[16] - | |
| 5 | 
|
Division general Léopold Davout |
25 January 1879 | 11 January 1880 | 351 days | Henri Gresley Jean-Joseph Farre |
Jules Grévy | [17] - |
| 6 | 
|
Division general Omer Blot |
11 January 1880 | 16 November 1881 | 1 year, 309 days | Jean-Joseph Farre Jean-Baptiste Campenon |
[18] - | |
| 7 |
|
Division general Joseph de Miribel |
16 November 1881 | 18 February 1882 | 94 days | Jean-Baptiste Campenon Jean-Baptiste Billot |
[19] - | |
| 8 |
|
Division general Achile Vuillemot |
18 February 1882 | 5 January 1885 | 2 years, 322 days | Jean-Baptiste Billot Jean Thibaudin Jean-Baptiste Campenon Jules Lewal |
[20] - | |
| 9 |
|
Division general[c] Charles Warnet |
5 January 1885 | 9 April 1885 | 94 days | Jules Lewal Jean-Baptiste Campenon |
[21] - | |
| 10 |
|
Division general Amédée de Cools |
9 April 1885 | 10 January 1886 | 276 days | Jean-Baptiste Campenon Georges Boulanger |
[22] - | |
| 11 |
|
Division general Eugène Galland |
10 January 1886 | 14 January 1886 | 4 days | Georges Boulanger | [23] - | |
| 12 |
|
Division general[c] Savin de Larclause |
14 January 1886 | 6 July 1887 | 1 year, 173 days | Georges Boulanger Théophile Ferron |
[24] - | |
| 13 |
|
Division general[c] Charles Haillot |
6 July 1887 | 7 May 1890 | 2 years, 305 days | Théophile Ferron François Logerot Charles de Freycinet |
Sadi Carnot | [25] - |
| 14 |
|
Division general Joseph de Miribel |
7 May 1890 | 29 September 1893 | 3 years, 145 days | Charles de Freycinet Julien Léon Loizillon |
[26] [27] | |
| 15 | 
|
Division general Raoul de Boisdeffre |
29 September 1893 | 3 September 1898 | 4 years, 339 days | Julien Loizillon Auguste Mercier [...] Jean-Baptiste Billot Jacques Cavaignac |
[28] [27] | |
| Jean Casimir-Perier | ||||||||
| Félix Faure | ||||||||
| 16 |
|
Division general Jean Renouard |
3 September 1898 | 5 November 1898 | 63 days | Jacques Cavaignac Charles Chanoine Édouard Locroy Charles de Freycinet |
[29] - | |
| 17 |
|
Division general Paul Brault |
5 November 1898 | 27 September 1899† | 326 days | Charles de Freycinet Camille Krantz Gaston de Galliffet |
[30] [27] | |
| Émile Loubet | ||||||||
| 18 | 
|
Brigade general[d] Alfred Delanne |
27 September 1899 | 5 July 1900 | 281 days | Gaston de Galliffet Louis André |
[31] - | |
| 19 | 
|
Division general[c][d] Jean Pendézec |
5 July 1900 | 2 August 1905 | 5 years, 28 days | Louis André Maurice Berteaux |
[32] [27] | |
| 20 | 
|
Division general Jean Brun |
2 August 1905 | 5 August 1909 | 4 years, 3 days | Maurice Berteaux Eugène Étienne Georges Picquart Jean Brun |
[33] [27] | |
| Armand Fallières | ||||||||
| 21 | 
|
Division general Édouard de Ladébat |
5 August 1909 | 31 May 1911 | 1 year, 299 days | Jean Brun Aristide Briand Maurice Berteaux François Goiran |
[34] [27] | |
| 22 | 
|
Division general Augustin Dubail |
31 May 1911 | 29 July 1911 | 59 days | François Goiran Adolphe Messimy |
[35] [27] | |
| 23 | 
|
Division general Joseph Joffre |
29 July 1911 | 14 December 1916 | 5 years, 138 days | Adolphe Messimy Alexandre Millerand [...] Pierre Roques Hubert Lyautey |
[36] [37] | |
| Raymond Poincaré | ||||||||
| 24 | 
|
Division general Robert Nivelle |
14 December 1916 | 30 April 1917 | 137 days | Hubert Lyautey Lucien Lacaze Paul Painlevé |
[38] - | |
| 25 | 
|
Division general Philippe Pétain |
30 April 1917 | 16 May 1917 | 16 days | Paul Painlevé | [39] - | |
| 26 | 
|
Division general[e] Ferdinand Foch |
16 May 1917 | 29 December 1918 | 1 year, 227 days | Paul Painlevé Georges Clemenceau |
[40] - | |
| 27 | 
|
Division general Henri Alby |
29 December 1918 | 25 January 1920 | 1 year, 27 days | Georges Clemenceau André Lefèvre |
[41] - | |
| 28 | 
|
Division general Edmond Buat |
25 January 1920 | 30 December 1923† | 3 years, 339 days | André Lefèvre Flaminius Raiberti Louis Barthou André Maginot |
Paul Deschanel | [42] [43] |
| Alexandre Millerand | ||||||||
| 29 | 
|
Division general Eugène Debeney |
9 January 1924 | 3 January 1930 | 5 years, 359 days | André Maginot Charles Nollet [...] Paul Painlevé André Maginot |
[44] - | |
| Gaston Doumergue | ||||||||
| 30 | 
|
Division general Maxime Weygand |
3 January 1930 | 10 February 1931 | 1 year, 38 days | André Maginot Louis Barthou André Maginot |
[45] - | |
| 31 | 
|
Division general Maurice Gamelin |
10 February 1931 | 20 May 1940 | 9 years, 100 days | André Maginot André Tardieu [...] Louis Maurin Édouard Daladier |
[46] [47] | |
| Paul Doumer | ||||||||
| Albert Lebrun | ||||||||
| Office disestablished (1940–1945) | ||||||||
Fourth Republic
edit| No. | Portrait | Rank & Name | Term | Minister[f] | Commander-in-Chief | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | ||||||
| Office reestablished | ||||||||
| 32 | 
|
Army general Jean de Lattre |
30 November 1945 | 12 March 1947 | 1 year, 102 days | Edmond Michelet Félix Gouin Georges Bidault François Billoux |
Charles de Gaulle | [48] - |
| Félix Gouin | ||||||||
| Georges Bidault | ||||||||
| Vincent Auriol | ||||||||
| 33 | 
|
Corps general Georges Revers |
12 March 1947 | 15 December 1949 | 2 years, 278 days | François Billoux Yvon Delbos [...] Paul Ramadier René Pleven |
[49] [50] | |
| 34 | 
|
Corps general Clément Blanc |
15 December 1949 | 16 June 1955 | 5 years, 183 days | René Pleven Jules Moch [...] Jacques Chevallier Marie-Pierre Kœnig |
[51] - | |
| René Coty | ||||||||
| 35 | Army general André Zeller |
16 June 1955 | 2 March 1956 | 260 days | Marie-Pierre Kœnig Pierre Billotte Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury |
[52] - | ||
| 36 |
|
Corps general Jean Piatte |
2 March 1956 | 11 November 1956 | 254 days | Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury | [53] - | |
| 37 | 
|
Corps general Henri Lorillot |
11 November 1956 | 2 July 1958 | 1 year, 233 days | Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury André Morice Jacques Chaban-Delmas Pierre de Chevigné Charles de Gaulle |
[54] - | |
Fifth Republic
edit| No. | Portrait | Rank & Name | Term | Minister | Commander-in-Chief | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | ||||||
| 38 |
|
Army general André Zeller |
2 July 1958 | 1 October 1959 | 1 year, 91 days | Charles de Gaulle Pierre Guillaumat |
René Coty | [55] - |
| Charles de Gaulle | ||||||||
| 39 | 
|
Army general André Demetz |
1 October 1959 | 18 July 1962 | 2 years, 290 days | Pierre Guillaumat Pierre Messmer |
[56] - | |
| 40 | 
|
Army general Louis Le Puloch |
18 July 1962 | 3 April 1965 | 2 years, 260 days | Pierre Messmer | - [57] | |
| 41 |
|
Army general Émile Cantarel |
3 April 1965 | 1 May 1971 | 6 years, 28 days | Pierre Messmer Michel Debré |
- [58] | |
| Georges Pompidou | ||||||||
| 42 | 
|
Army general Alain de Boissieu |
1 May 1971 | 1 April 1975 | 3 years, 335 days | Michel Debré Robert Galley Jacques Soufflet Yvon Bourges |
[59] [60] | |
| Valéry Giscard d'Estaing | ||||||||
| 43 | 
|
Army general Jean Lagarde |
1 April 1975 | 1 October 1980 | 5 years, 183 days | Yvon Bourges Joël Le Theule |
[61] - | |
| 44 |
|
Army general Jean Delaunay |
1 October 1980 | 10 March 1983 | 2 years, 160 days | Robert Galley Charles Hernu |
[62] [63] | |
| François Mitterrand | ||||||||
| 45 | 
|
Army general René Imbot |
10 March 1983 | 25 September 1985 | 2 years, 199 days | Charles Hernu | [64] [65] | |
| 46 |
|
Army general Maurice Schmitt |
25 September 1985 | 16 November 1987 | 2 years, 52 days | Paul Quilès André Giraud |
[66] [67] | |
| 47 |
|
Army general Gilbert Forray |
16 November 1987 | 17 April 1991 | 3 years, 152 days | André Giraud Jean-Pierre Chevènement Pierre Joxe |
[68] [69] | |
| 48 | 
|
Army general Marc Monchal |
17 April 1991 | 28 August 1996 | 5 years, 133 days | Pierre Bérégovoy François Léotard Charles Millon |
[70] [71] | |
| Jacques Chirac | ||||||||
| 49 |
|
Army general Philippe Mercier |
28 August 1996 | 21 January 1999 | 2 years, 146 days | Charles Millon Alain Richard |
[72] - | |
| 50 |
|
Army general Yves Crène |
21 January 1999 | 1 September 2002 | 3 years, 223 days | Alain Richard Michèle Alliot-Marie |
[73] [74] | |
| 51 |
|
Army general Bernard Thorette |
1 September 2002 | 16 July 2006 | 3 years, 318 days | Michèle Alliot-Marie | [75] [76] | |
| 52 | 
|
Army general Bruno Cuche |
16 July 2006 | 3 July 2008 | 1 year, 353 days | Michèle Alliot-Marie Hervé Morin |
[77] [78] | |
| Nicolas Sarkozy | ||||||||
| 53 | 
|
Army general Elrick Irastorza |
3 July 2008 | 1 September 2011 | 3 years, 60 days | Hervé Morin Alain Juppé Gérard Longuet |
[79] [80] | |
| 54 | 
|
Army general Bertrand Ract-Madoux |
1 September 2011 | 1 September 2014 | 3 years, 0 days | Gérard Longuet Jean-Yves Le Drian |
[81] - | |
| François Hollande | ||||||||
| 55 | 
|
Army general Jean-Pierre Bosser |
1 September 2014 | 31 July 2019 | 4 years, 333 days | Jean-Yves Le Drian Sylvie Goulard Florence Parly |
[82] - | |
| Emmanuel Macron | ||||||||
| 56 | 
|
Army general Thierry Burkhard |
31 July 2019 | 22 July 2021 | 1 year, 356 days | Florence Parly | [83] [84] | |
| 57 |
|
Army general Pierre Schill |
22 July 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 142 days | [85] - | ||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 August 1939). "Marks, honors, salutes and visits in the naval forces and on board naval vessels". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ French Army. "The Chief of the Army Staff" (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Defence Code – Article R3222–3 § 2
- ^ Defence Code – Article R*3121–25 § 1
- ^ Defence Code – Article R*3121–25 § 2
- ^ Defence Code – Article R*3121–25 § 3
- ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1871). "Décret portant organisation de l'administration centrale du ministère de la guerre". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (2 December 1915). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (19 May 1940). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (28 April 1948). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 April 1950). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Zeller, André (1974). Dialogues avec un général. Presses de la Cité. p. 14.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1871). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1873). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1874). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (28 November 1877). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1879). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 January 1880). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (15 November 1881). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (17 February 1882). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (4 January 1885). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (8 April 1885). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (9 January 1886). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (14 January 1886). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (5 July 1887). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (6 May 1890). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "L'armée française (1871–1914): Les chef de l'Etat major général". Military photos.com. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (28 September 1893). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (2 September 1898). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (4 November 1898). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (26 September 1899). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (4 July 1900). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 August 1905). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (4 August 1909). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (30 May 1911). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (29 July 1911). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer; Mary Roberts, Priscilla (2005). World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 616–617. ISBN 9781851094202. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (13 December 1916). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (29 April 1917). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (15 May 1917). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (29 December 1918). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1920). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "French Members of Arms Parley Are Now on Scene". The Atlanta Constitution. 8 November 1921. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (8 January 1924). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (2 January 1930). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (9 February 1931). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "MACARTHUR RECEIVES HIGH FRENCH HONOR; Chief of Staff of Our Army Is Made Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor". The New York Times. 17 September 1931. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (29 November 1945). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (11 March 1947). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ M. Johnston, Andrew (2005). Hegemony and culture in the origins of NATO nuclear first-use, 1945–1955. Macmillan Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 9781403970244. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 December 1949). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (15 June 1955). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 March 1956). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 November 1956). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ JORF #154 - P6178- 2 July 1958
- ^ Government of the French Republic (23 September 1959). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ A. Beer, Francis (1969). Integration and disintegration in NATO: processes of alliance cohesion and prospects for Atlantic community. Mershon Center for Education in National Security, Ohio State University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780814200056. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Parliamentary approval of Defence Programme". Keesing's Record of World Events. 11. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC: 20921. August 1965. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 March 1975). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Institute for the Study of Conflict (1974). Annual of power and conflict. p. 14. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 March 1975). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (10 September 1980). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "French General Chief of Staff". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. 4 September 1980. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (9 March 1983). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ John Vinocur (10 March 1983). "French general ousted for disputing cutback". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (25 September 1985). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "France and Vietnam: Turning a page in history". Orlando Sentinel. 11 February 1993. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (9 November 1987). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Wetterqvist, Fredrik (1990). "French security and defence policy: current developments and future prospects". Foa Reports. C. 1. DIANE Publishing: 45. ISSN 0281-0247. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
Chief of Staff of the French Army Forray.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (8 April 1991). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "French officials collect compatriots". Beacon Journal. 24 April 1995. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 August 1996). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (7 January 1999). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Neil Baumgardner (20 March 2000). "Britain, France, Germany, Italy respond to Army vehicle request". Defense Daily. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (18 July 2002). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "French army chief of staff visits Morocco for exchange of expertise". BBC News. 5 March 2004. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 2006). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Katrin Bennhold (1 July 2008). "French Army chief resigns over shooting accident". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (2 July 2008). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Rocco DeFilippis (4 December 2009). "Commandant of the Marine Corps awarded French Legion of Honour by French Army Chief of Staff". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (24 June 2011). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (15 July 2014). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (17 July 2019). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Why the French army is not laughing at controversial Charlie Hebdo cartoons". France24. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic (7 July 2021). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2021.
Notes
edit- ^ French pronunciation: [ʃɛf deta maʒɔʁ də laʁme də tɛʁ], lit. 'Chief of Staff of the Land Army'
- ^ This official title (sometimes referred to as Généralissime) gave the Chief of Staff full authority over all French armies.
- ^ a b c d e Brigade general at the time of his appointment, promoted to Division general while in office.
- ^ a b Appointed "Chef d'état-major général avec le titre faisant fonction"; faisant fonction is a locution indicating that an officer is holding an office usually attached to a higher rank.
- ^ Subsequently appointed Supreme Allied Commander (1918–1920).
- ^ The Minister of War was responsible until 1947, after which the Minister of the Armed Forces took over.