Chloé is an 1875 oil painting by French academic painter Jules Lefebvre. Measuring 260 cm by 139 cm, it depicts the naiad in "Mnasyle et Chloé",[1] a poem by the 18th-century French poet André Chénier.[2]
| Chloé | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Artist | Jules Lefebvre |
| Year | 1875 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 260 cm × 139 cm (100 in × 55 in) |
| Location | Young and Jackson Hotel, Melbourne |
The painting hangs in the Young and Jackson Hotel in Melbourne, Australia, where it has been since 1909.[3] One of the most popular paintings on display in Melbourne, Chloé is considered an icon of the city, and was the mascot of the Royal Navy frigate HMAS Melbourne.[4]
History
edit
Chloé made its debut at the Paris Salon 1875, where it drew critical praise. It was subsequently displayed in Australia at the 1879 Sydney International Exhibition and the Melbourne International Exhibition.[2]
Chloé was then purchased by Dr Thomas Fitzgerald of Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, for 850 guineas.[4] In 1883, Fitzgerald loaned the painting to the National Gallery of Victoria, which had recently opened on Sundays for the first time. As the only full female nude on display at the gallery, Chloé drew criticism from advocates of Sabbatarianism, so it was taken down after only three weeks.[5][6] In response, members of the bohemian artists' society, the Buonarotti Club, protested to the press, including artist Alexander Colquhoun, who wrote satirical verse urging the gallery to rehang the painting.[7]
Upon Fitzgerald's death in 1908, the painting was purchased at auction by Henry Figsby Young, owner of the Young and Jackson Hotel.[4] In 1908, Young installed the painting in the hotel's saloon bar.[4] Chloé is to remain part of the hotel forever, as decided by the National Trust and Heritage of Victoria in 1988.[8]
Influence on soldiers
editChloé captivated many soldiers who frequented the bar of Young and Jackson's Hotel during World War I, World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Letters were addressed to her from the trenches in Turkey, France, and Papua New Guinea, promising to return to her. American soldiers even went as far as coming up with a plan to abduct her.[4]
Identity of the model
editThe model who posed for the painting has been the subject of much speculation and mythologising, with many accounts depicting her as having had a love affair with Lefebvre, and committing suicide after he declined to marry her. Such stories are believed to be the result of many decades of bar-room gossip at the Young and Jackson Hotel.[2]
An ardent admirer of Chloé since its debut at the 1875 Paris Salon, American journalist Lucy Hamilton Hooper travelled to Lefebvre's studio to ask him about the painting. She quoted him as saying that, after completing the painting, he traveled abroad for a few months, and on his return learned that the model had died:[2]
She was a girl of more refinement and elevation of sentiment than is usually to be found among persons of her position, and, being in the hands of a gang of low confederates, they had attempted to force her into a way of life from which her soul revolted. Thus driven to despair, the poor child poisoned herself by washing phosphorus from friction matches, and then swallowing the decoction.
The only other first-hand account of the model, and her possible identity, is Irish writer George Moore's in his 1886 memoir Confessions of a Young Man. According to Moore, the model's name was Marie, and he met her through the Symbolist painter Louis Welden Hawkins. According to Moore, "no one knew why" the model committed suicide, but said there were rumours it was due to unrequited love.[2]
Another painting
editMention was made in The Argus on 5 March 1887 of another painting of Chloé at the second annual exhibition of the Australian Artists' Association at Buxton's art gallery in Swanston Street;
Mr. J. C. Waite sends in a ... half-length figure entitled Chloe, which is stated to be a portrait of the young lady who sat to M. Lefebvre as a model for the picture of the same name. It is a charming head and face, with the roundness, freshness, and bloom of youth in the countenance, and a look of innocence and simplicity, which is not always associated with the female models of Parisian artists.[9]
On the basis of that report researcher Katrina Kell surmises that if the painting, like others in the Association's exhibition, had "been done during the last six months" as stated at the opening, then Chloé may have lived, and been painted by Waite, in Melbourne.[10]
In 1908 the same artist, James Clarke Waite, who had studied for a year in Paris,[11] showed (likely the same) "charming portrait of the model who sat for the much discussed picture Chloé" of which the Herald newspaper assures readers "who have objection to studies in the nude, will be pleased to learn that in this work Chloe appears fully clothed in modern dress."[12] A 1914 Herald report of exhibitions by Waite notes the success of his show at the Athenaeum with purchases made "by Mr [Henry Figsby] Young, who, years ago, bought Lefevre's [sic] Chloe, the property of the late Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, and has now purchased Mr Waite's portrait of the same beautiful French girl."[13] The painting is not known to have survived in Young's possession as many of Waite's paintings were reportedly destroyed[14] five years after his death in a fire at the Melbourne Town Hall in 1925.[15]
Exhibitions
edit- Paris Salon Exhibition, 1875
- Sydney International Exhibition, 1879
- Melbourne International Exhibition, 1880
- Adelaide Gallery Exhibition, 1883–1886
- Blamey House Women's Auxiliary
- Fundraiser, 1940
- National Gallery of Victoria 1883, 1995, 2000
Awards
edit- 1879 – Won highest award at the Sydney International Exhibition
- 1880 – Won highest award at the Melbourne International Exhibition
Damage and restoration
editOn Friday, 24 September 2004, at 8:30 pm, a hotel patron fell against the painting and caused long vertical cracks in its 5-millimetre (0.2 in)-thick protective glass.[16] Art experts said the damage was minor and would not affect the overall value of the painting.[16] It was repaired at the Ian Potter Conservation Centre in the Ian Potter Museum of Art in Melbourne, where it waited for protective German glass to be imported, and was restored to the hotel bar on 13 October 2004.[17]
References
edit- ^ 'Mnasyle' is Mnasylus, a shepherd in Virgil's Eclogues VI; the name Chloe is an epithet for the goddess Demeter.
- ^ a b c d e Kell, Katrina (2020). "Evanescence of an Artist's Model: Jules Lefebvre's Chloé". Index Journal: 1–39.
- ^ "Chloe at the Young & Jackson Hotel" Archived 3 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Melbourne Online
- ^ a b c d e "Chloe – Jules-Joseph Lefebvre", details, OnlyMelbourne.com.au. Retrieved 18 March 2014
- ^ "Chloe Is Now Clothed with Respectability". The News. Adelaide. 9 September 1940. p. 6 – via Trove.
- ^ "Chloe", Young and Jackson. 18 March 2014 Archived 26 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Holt, Stephanie (1994). "Chloe: a curious history". In Hoorn, Jeanette (ed.). Strange Women: essays in art and gender. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. p. 134.
- ^ "Chloe's encounter scratches surface". The Age. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ "Australian Artists' Association". The Argus. Melbourne. 5 March 1887. p. 14. Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via Trove.
- ^ Watson-Kell, Katy (2018). Reimagining a Melbourne icon: Jules Lefebvre's Chloé (PDF) (PhD dissertation ed.). Western Australia: Murdoch University. OCLC 1077691447.
- ^ Holmes, J. H. (1976). "James Clarke Waite (1832–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 6. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943.
- ^ "The Waite Pictures". The Herald. Melbourne. 10 April 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2024 – via Trove.
- ^ "Art Exhibitions". The Herald. Melbourne. 4 August 1914. p. 9. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ McCulloch, Alan; McCulloch, Susan; McCulloch Childs, Emily, eds. (2006). The New McCulloch's Encyclopedia of Australian Art (4th ed.). Fitzroy, Victoria: Miegunyah Press. p. 994. ISBN 9780522853179. OCLC 80568976.
- ^ "Melbourne Town Hall on Fire: Concert Hall Demolished: City Organ Destroyed: Victoria Coffee Palace in Danger: An Early Morning Outbreak". The Age. 2 February 1925. p. 9. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ a b Milanovic, Selma (28 September 2004). "Chloe's encounter scratches surface". The Age. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Villarreal, Ignacio, ed. "Melbourne's Famous Chloe Painting Restored", Art Daily. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Further reading
edit- Kell, Katrina (2024). Chloé: Revolution, Art and Intrigue in Bohemian Paris. Echo Publishing / Bonnier Books. ISBN 9781760688554.