The Council of the Indies (Dutch: Raad van Indië; Indonesian: Dewan Hindia) was a body established in 1610 to advise and limit the powers of the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies.[1][2] Following administrative reforms of 1836, the council was later renamed as the Council of the Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Raad van Nederlandsch-Indië, Indonesian: Dewan Hindia Belanda).
Initially the council had four members and a chairman, all Dutch nationals. In 1930, this was increased to six people, with citizens of the Dutch East Indies eligible for membership. The council was chaired by the governor-general. The Dutch monarch had the authority to make a final decision in the event of a disagreement between the governor-general and the council.[3][4]
Prior to 1836, the council had the same standing as the governor-general, but that year, its role was reduced to that of an advisory body. It regained some of its powers in 1854, when an act was passed obliging the governor-general to consult it before taking major measures, but he was still under no obligation to heed its advice.[5] Its powers were reduced again in 1925, but the governor-general still had to consult it before taking certain actions, including making announcements or sending proposals to the semi-legislative Volksraad.[6]
In a report sent to Governor-General Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer in 1938, the council recommended rejection of the Soetardjo Petition, which had been signed by a number of members of the Volksraad and that asked for a conference to be organised to discuss the autonomy for the Dutch East Indies as part of a Dutch commonwealth. The council took the view that the demands of the petition were at odds with the Dutch constitution and that Indonesia was not ready to become a dominion.[7]
Membership
edit| 1922 | 1931 | 1941 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vice-president | H. N. A. Swart, appointed 2 Sep 1918 | J.I.M. Welter, appointed 10 Oct 1929 | H. J. Spit, appointed 21 Nov 1938. |
| Members | P. De Roo De La Faille, appointed 3 Feb 1919 Mr. L. J. Dukstra, appointed 9 Dec 1919 W. Frijling, appointed 2 Mar 1921 Mr H. A. Kinderman, appointed 28 April 1921 |
W. P. Hillen, appointed 15 May 1929 C. W. Bodenhausen, appointed 10 Oct 1929 Achmad Djajadiningrat, appointed 1 Jan 1930 Adipati Ario Soejono, appointed 1 Jan 1930 A. H. M. J. Van Kan, appointed 6 Mar 1930 L. H. W. Van Sandwick, appointed 18 Jul 1930 |
F. H. Visman, appointed 23 Jun 1936 J. H. B. Kuneman, appointed 23 Jun 1936 G. F. de Bruyn Kops, appointed 21 Nov 1938 Adipati Ario Soejono, appointed 29 Feb 1940 |
| Secretary | W. G. Stroband, appointed 2 Nov 1921 | W.G. Peekema (ad interim), appointed 2 Dec 1929 | L. F. Jansen, appointed 25 Oct 1939. |
| Source | Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922[8] | Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931[9] | Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941[10] |
Notes
edit- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 59.
- ^ Cribb & Kahin 2004, p. 362.
- ^ Kusuma 2004, p. 75.
- ^ Vandenbosch 1933, p. 88.
- ^ Angelino 1931, p. 47.
- ^ Vandenbosch 1933, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Abeyasekere 1973, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922, p. 47.
- ^ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931, p. 55.
- ^ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941, p. 53.
References
edit- Abeyasekere, Susan (April 1973). "The Soetardjo Petition" (PDF). Indonesia. 15 (15): 81–108. doi:10.2307/3350793. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350793.
- Angelino, A.D.A. De Kat (1931). Colonial Policy, Volume II: The Dutch East Indies. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810849358.
- Kusuma, A.B (2004). Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan [The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence] (in Indonesian). Depok, Indonesia: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia. ISBN 979-8972-28-7.
- Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1922: Tweede gedeelte [Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1922: Second part] (PDF) (in Dutch). 1922.
- Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1931: Tweede gedeelte [Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1931: Second part] (PDF) (in Dutch). 1931.
- Indies, Dutch East (1941). Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1941: Tweede gedeelte [Government almanac for the Dutch East Indies 1941: Second part] (in Dutch).
- Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
- Vandenbosch, Amry (1933). The Dutch East Indies, its government, problems, and politics. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans publishing company.