Saint Dwynwen (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈdʊɨnwɛn]; fl. 5th century), sometimes known as Dwyn or Donwen,[2] is the Welsh patron saint of lovers. She is celebrated throughout Wales on 25 January.
Saint Dwynwen | |
|---|---|
 St Dwynwen's Church, Llanddwyn | |
| Died | c. 460 Ynys Llanddwyn, Kingdom of Gwynedd |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church February 7 / January 25. [1] |
| Major shrine | St Dwynwen's Church, Ynys Llanddwyn, Anglesey |
| Feast | 25 January |
| Patronage | Lovers in Wales Sick animals |
History and legend
edit
The original tale has become mixed with elements of folktales and Celtic stories, and so there are a number of variations on the tale. Dwynwen is believed to have been a daughter of King Brychan Brycheiniog, who lived in the 5th century;[3] her mother may have been Rigrawst. Dwynwen lived in Anglesey.
In the tale told of her, either a young man named Maelon Dafodrill falls in love with her, but she rejects his advances;[4] or she is unable to marry him because her father forbids it and has already promised her to another.[3] Distraught over her love for Maelon, Dwynwen prays she will fall out of love with him. An angel provides her with a potion; Maelon turns to ice. God then grants her three requests: that Maelon is released; that, through her, God will look after all true lovers; and that she remains unmarried. As a mark of her thanks, she then retreats to the solitude of Ynys Llanddwyn, off the west coast of Anglesey, to become a hermit until her death, in about AD 460; although it has been written in some texts that she had fled there because of her fear of Maelgwn Gwynedd.[3][5]
Dwynwen reportedly studied the healing properties of local herbs and thus was able to cure many illnesses of people who sought her from all over Wales.[3]
Ynys Llanddwyn
edit
Dwynwen withdrew to a small tidal island of Ynys Llanddwyn, off the southwest coast of Anglesey,[3] to which Newborough is the closest town. There she built a church; which became known as Llanddwyn ("Church of Dwynwen"). Its remains can still be seen on the island.
Veneration
edit
St Dwynwen's Church on Ynys Llanddwyn became an important shrine during the Middle Ages.[3] The holy well became a site of pilgrimage, at which the movement of sacred fish within its waters was believed to indicate lovers' destinies.[3][6] Welsh poets Dafydd ap Gwilym and Dafydd Trefor wrote of the saint and the pilgrims who visited Ynys Llanddwyn.
Following the Reformation, devotions at her shrine were suppressed, and the site itself quickly fell into disrepair through the effects of numerous sandstorms. Those pilgrims who still came to pray in the area visited Saint Elian's Well instead.[7] During the nineteenth century, the Anglican Church rediscovered traditional devotions, in the course of which in the 'sixtieth year of Queen Victoria', probably 1879, a plain cross about fourteen feet (4.2m) high was erected in memory of Dwynwen.[8]
In 1903, a Celtic cross was erected near the ruins of the church by the Hon. F. G. Wynn of Glynllivon, son of the 3rd Baron Newborough, also in memory of its patroness.[9] The site is now part of a nature reserve.[7]
Dwynwen is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[10]
Patronage
editDydd Santes Dwynwen
editDydd Santes Dwynwen (IPA: [ˈdɨːð ˈsantɛs ˈdʊɨnwɛn]; Welsh for St Dwynwen's Day) is considered to be the Welsh equivalent to Valentine's Day and is celebrated on 25 January. It celebrates Dwynwen, the Welsh saint of lovers.[14]
Calendars from the fifteenth century and later give 25 January as the day commemorating St Dwynwen in Wales. Nicolas Roscarrok, however, gives as her day 13 July, and opines that 'St Dwin' is the same as 'Dwinwen'. In his Calendar he gives 25 January as the day of 'Dwinwent' or 'Damwent'.[9]
St Dwynwen is not officially commemorated in the liturgies of the Catholic or Anglican Churches, but is in the Orthodox Church, being listed both under Eastern Orthodox Liturgics and Latin Saints of the Roman Patriarchate sites; she does not appear in the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology,[15] nor the Roman Catholic calendar for Wales,[16] nor the 1995 revision of the Church in Wales calendar.[17]
Present day
editDuring the 1960s, a student at University College, Bangor, Vera Williams, sought to revive the observance of St Dwynwen's Day by commissioning four designs for St Dwynwen's Day cards, in the style of a "Welsh Valentine's Day". Local press adopted the idea, and by 2004 the celebration of 25 January as a festival for Welsh lovers was so well established that even Gwynedd Council was promoting it.[7]
The popularity and celebration of St Dwynwen's day has increased considerably in recent years, with special events, such as concerts and parties, often held and the exchange of Dydd Santes Dwynwen greetings cards.[18] Though still not as popular as St Valentine's Day in February, St Dwynwen is becoming better-known among today's Welsh population. A big boost for St Dwynwen's Day came in 2003 when the Welsh Language Board teamed up with UK supermarket Tesco to distribute 50,000 free cards in 43 of its Welsh stores.[19] One card was inserted with a special heart, the finder of which would be entitled to a prize.[19] The board also suggested numerous ways to celebrate the feast besides sending cards, for example, organize a love-themed gig, set up a singles night, prepare a romantic meal and perhaps compose a love poem to read at the local pub. A gentleman may present a woman a hand-carved Lovespoon.[20]
Legacy
editHer name is still recalled in place names such as Ynys Llanddwyn and Porthddwyn[2] on Anglesey in Wales and the church of Sen Adhwynn in Advent, Cornwall.
Benjamin Williams wrote "Dwynwen", a chorus for male voices with music by Welsh composer Joseph Parry, for the 1896 Llandudno National Eisteddfod.[21]
See also
edit- Adwen, the related Cornish saint
References
edit- ^ "Orthodox Calendar" Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church
- ^ a b Farmer, David. "Dwyn", The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev. ed.) Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 9780199596607
- ^ a b c d e f g Lapa, Dmitry. "Venerable Dwynwen of Llanddwyn Island", Orthodox Christianity
- ^ Price, Thomas (1848). Iolo Manuscripts: A Selection of Ancient Welsh Manuscripts, in Prose and Verse, from the Collection Made by the Late Edward Williams, Iolo Morganwg, for the Purpose of Forming a Continuation of the Myfyrian Archaiology; and Subsequently Proposed as Materials for a New History of Wales. W. Rees; sold by Longman and Company, London. p. 474. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Farmer, D. H., (1978) The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ FAQ on St Dwynwen Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine from the Museum of Welsh Life, accessed 31 October 2011
- ^ a b c Santes Dwynwen / Saint Dwynwen, bilingual book by Catrin Stevens, 2005, Gomer Press
- ^ 'St Dwynwen's Cross', wales_picture.cfm?p=3829 at blacklisted Stay In Wales website, accessed 10 February 2012
- ^ a b 'Llanddwyn Island', Hugh Owen, in Transactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club, also citing Llanstephan MS 117; web version accessed 10 February 2012.
- ^ "Venerable Dwynwen of Llanddwyn Island", Orthodox Christianity
- ^ Miles, Claire. "Santes Dwynwen: Getting to the heart of the Welsh patron saint of lovers", Nation Cymru, January 24, 2024
- ^ "St. Dwynwen, Virgin of Llandwyn, Wales", Celticsaints.org.
- ^ "St. Dwynwen Novena", The Catholic Handbook
- ^ Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
- ^ Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, Vatican Press (Typis Vaticanis).
- ^ National Calendar for Wales, accessed 6 February 2012
- ^ The Alternative Calendar and Lectionary of the Church in Wales, accessed 10 February 2012
- ^ Mayer, James. "St. Dwynwen's Day: An Icy Day for Lovers". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Cards for rival love saint". BBC News. 22 January 2003. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Celebrate St Dwynwen's Day", Visit Wales
- ^ "Santes Dwynwen", National Library of Wales