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Echinacea purpurea, the eastern purple coneflower,[4] purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or Echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.[5] It is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States, as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and the Ohio Valley. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.
| Echinacea purpurea | |
|---|---|
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| At a prairie preserve in southwest Arkansas | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Echinacea |
| Species: | E. purpurea
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| Binomial name | |
| Echinacea purpurea | |
| Synonyms | |
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Description
editEchinacea purpurea is an herbaceous perennial up to 120 centimeters (47 inches) tall by 25 cm (10 in) wide at maturity. Depending on the climate, it blooms throughout summer into autumn. Its cone-shaped flowering heads are usually, but not always, purple in the wild. Its individual flowers (florets) within the flower head are hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs in each flower. It is pollinated by butterflies and bees. The alternate leaves, borne by a petiole from 0 to 17 cm (0 to 7 in), are oval to lanceolate, 5–30 cm (2–12 in) long by 5–12 cm (2–5 in) wide; the margin is tightened to toothed.
The inflorescence is a capitulum, 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) in diameter, formed by a prominent domed central protuberance consisting of multiple small yellow florets. These are surrounded by a ring of pink or purple ligulate florets. The tubular florets are hermaphrodite while the ligular florets are sterile. The involucral bracts are linear to lanceolate. The plant prefers well-drained soils in full sun.[4] The fruit is an achene, sought after by birds.
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Close-up showing many individual flowers comprise the flowerhead -
In cultivation -
Dried spines
Taxonomy
editEchinacea is derived from Greek, meaning 'spiny one', in reference to the spiny sea urchins 'εχίνοι' which the ripe flower heads of species of this genus resemble. The epithet purpurea means 'reddish-purple'.[6]
The species was originally described and named Rudbeckia purpurea by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. In 1794, it was placed by Conrad Moench in genus Echinacea and named Echinacea purpurea.[7]
In 1818, Thomas Nuttall described a variety and named it Rudbeckia purpurea var. serotina. In 1836, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle raised this variety to the rank of species and moved it to genus Echinacea, naming it Echinacea serotina.[7] In 2002, Binns et al. discovered a misapplication of the name Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench for the taxon correctly named Echinacea serotina (Nutt.) DC. in 1836. The authors proposed to retain the names so as not to cause confusion among gardeners and herbalists.[8]
Distribution and habitat
editEchinacea purpurea is native to parts of eastern North America[9] and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwestern United States as well as in the Canadian Province of Ontario. It is most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and the Ohio Valley.[10][11] Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.
Cultivation
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Echinacea purpurea is grown as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is ideal for curbs, walkways or beds. The flowers can also go into the composition of fresh bouquets. Numerous cultivars have been developed for flower quality and plant form.[5] The plant grows in sun or light shade.[12] It thrives in either dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought once established. The cultivars 'Ruby Giant'[13] and 'Elbrook'[14] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15]
Propagation
editEchinacea purpurea is propagated either vegetatively or from seeds.[9] Useful vegetative techniques include division, root cuttings, and basal cuttings. Clumps can be divided, or broken into smaller bunches, which is normally done in the spring or autumn. Cuttings made from roots that are "pencil-sized" will develop into plants when started in late autumn or early winter.[5] Cuttings of basal shoots in the spring may be rooted when treated with rooting hormones, such as IBA at 1000 ppm.[16]
Seed germination occurs best with daily temperature fluctuations[9] or after stratification,[10] which help to end dormancy. Seeds may be started indoors in advance of the growing season or outdoors after the growing season has started.
Ecology
editMany pollinators are attracted to E. purpurea. Bees that are attracted to the flowers include bumblebees, sweat bees, honey bees, the sunflower leafcutter bee, and the mining bee Andrena helianthiformis. Butterflies that visit include monarchs, swallowtail butterflies, and sulphur butterflies.[17] Birds, particularly finches, eat the seeds and disperse them through their droppings.[18]
Slugs[9] and rabbits will also eat the foliage when young, or shortly after emerging in the spring.[19] Additionally, roots can be damaged and eaten by gophers.[10]
Chemistry
editEchinacea purpurea contains alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins.[20] Nicotiflorin is the dominant flavonoid in E. purpurea, followed by the flavonoid rutin.[21]
Traditional medicine
editNative Americans have used the plant as traditional medicine to treat many ailments.[22]
References
edit- ^ NatureServe. "Echinacea purpurea". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench". World Flora Online. Retrieved 10 December 2024. Autonyms removed.
- ^ a b "Eastern purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 591. 1794". Flora of North America.
- ^ a b c Zimmerman B. "Echinacea: Not always a purple coneflower". Gardening. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- ^ Gledhill D (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. pp. 149, 321. ISBN 9780521866453.
- ^ a b He Y, Kaarlas M (2014). "Popularity, Diversity and Quality of Echinacea". In Miller SC, Yu H (eds.). Echinacea: The genus Echinacea. CRC Press.
- ^ Binns SE, et al. (2014). Miller SC, Yu H (eds.). Echinacea: The genus Echinacea. CRC Press.
- ^ a b c d "Echinacea purpurea". Plants for a Future. June 2004. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ a b c NRCS. "Echinacea purpurea". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Echinacea purpurea". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ Midgley JW (1999). Southeastern Wildflowers: Your complete guide to plant communities, identification, and traditional uses. Crane Hill Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57587-106-6.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Echinacea purpurea 'Ruby Giant'". Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Echinacea 'Elbrook'". Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 33. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
- ^ Carey D, Avent T. "Echinacea Explosion - The Purple Coneflower Chronicles". Plant Delights Nursery Article. Plant Delights Nursery. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ The Xerxes Society (2016). 100 Plants to Feed the Bees. Storey Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-61212-886-3.
- ^ "Echinacea purpurea". bioweb.uwlax.edu.
- ^ "Echinacea – How To Grow Purple Coneflower". Growit Buildit. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S (2015). "Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 9 (17): 63–72. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.156353. PMC 4441164. PMID 26009695.
- ^ Kurkin, V. A.; Akushskaya, A. S.; Avdeeva, E. V.; Velmyaikina, E. I.; Daeva, E. D.; Kadentsev, V. I. (1 December 2011). "Flavonoids from Echinacea purpurea". Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 37 (7): 905–906. doi:10.1134/S1068162011070120. ISSN 1608-330X. S2CID 30930227.
- ^ "Echinacea". Drugs.com. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
