The presence of LGBTQ officers in law enforcement has a history of controversy. As times have changed, police forces have adapted by adding LGBTQ divisions, officers and committees within their ranks to account for legislation established by governments to protect individuals who previously had little or no voice when it came to laws impacting their own communities.
Introduction
editDiversity and inclusion in policing
editDiversity in service and the elimination of discrimination across the planet is led by many individuals, staff, associations and others within the global police community.
Inclusivity, evolution, acceptance, intersectionality, organizational values and career advancement lead to proud cops and growing acceptance.[1]
Nevertheless, many LGBTQ individuals still face significant discrimination in the police force. In a 2013 study of British forces, Jones and Williams found that almost 20% of sexual minority officers said they experienced discrimination. At the same time, only 25% of those individuals reported the incident to a supervisor.[2]
The following is a timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) police history.
1970s
edit1974
editU.S.
- Alameda County (California) Sheriff's office begins recruiting gay officers, in the face of gay crime victims in San Francisco having reluctance to report the crimes against them.[3]
1978
editU.S.
- New York City mayor Ed Koch bans discrimination in police hiring on the basis of sexual orientation. This meets with resistance from the city's Patrolmen's Benevolent Association.[4]
- San Francisco becomes the first city in America to have a recruitment drive for gay police officers, bringing in over 350 applications.[3]
1979
editU.S.
- Washington DC approves an officer (Bonnie Davenport) who received sex reassignment surgery the previous year to return to active duty as a woman. She continued to serve the police force as a woman for 12 additional years of service.[5]
1980s
edit1981
editU.S.
- A Sergeant of the New York City Police Department (Charles H. Cochrane Jr.) comes out as gay during a city council hearing. This made him the first New York City Police Department member to publicly announce his homosexuality.[6] In 2016, a Greenwich Village street was named after him (Sergeant Charles H. Cochrane Way). A news story that quoted journalist Andy Humm reported:
"He gets up and says, 'I'm proud to be a New York City police officer,'" Humm said. "And then he says, 'I'm equally proud to be gay.' And the City Hall chamber, Council chamber almost fell out."[7]
1982
editU.S.
- New York City police sergeant Charles H. Cochrane Jr. and former Fairview, New Jersey sergeant Sam Ciccone form the first group _targeted at the needs of gay members of law enforcement, the Gay Officers Action League (GOAL).[4]
1985
editU.S.
- The Golden State Peace Officers Association, "an organization of gay police officers, sheriff's deputies, California Highway Patrol officers and other homosexual law enforcement personnel", was started in 1985 and is thought to have been formed as an informal group of officers who "got together after work to drink beer and discuss the frustrations of police work. In a Spokane, Washington news article from 1987, a reporter claims the group was unofficially called "Pigs In Paradise".[8]
1990s
edit1990
editUnited Kingdom
- Gay Police Association (GPA) founded by Constable James Bradley from the Metropolitan Police Service plus four other officers to represent the interests and needs of gay and bisexual police and staff in the United Kingdom.
1991
editCanada
- The death of Alain Brosseau inspired the creation of a combined effort of LGBT activists and Ottawa police and formed the GLBT Ottawa Police Liaison Committee. It included sensitivity training for police officers, as many of the LGBT activists noted the hatred and intolerance for the gay community that was held by members of the RCMP and Ottawa city police. The "diversity training" was a three-hour session that was held for all 600 members of the Ottawa city police service.[9]
U.S.
- The Lesbian and Gay Police Association was initially a group of four Chicago police officers who founded the organization to support gay and closeted police officers at that time. "The LGPA is dedicated to promoting solidarity and upholding Human Rights, providing support and social interaction for its members and to promote understanding between the police and the LGBT Communities through education, communication and charitable acts."[10]
1993
editCanada
- Some sources say the country's first hate crimes unit was created in Ottawa while other sources claim it never existed and is rather the "security and intelligence service" misinterpreted as the hate crime unit. However the security and intelligence service does investigate hate crimes.[11]
1995
editU.S.
- The first float on the 1995 GLBT parade in Chicago was the GOAL-Illinois float.
2000s
edit2001
editFrance
- Flag !Creation of an association of LGBT police officers in France
2003
editUnited Kingdom
- London's Metropolitan Police allows 35 uniformed officers to participate Pride in London, the first time that police officers where allowed to wear uniforms while participating in Pride in London. [12]
2004
editEuropean Union
- The European Gay Police Association formed to support best practises and help developing countries build internal and external capacity for service provision.[13]
2009
editPeru
2010s
edit2014
editUnited Kingdom
- Suzette Davenport, the Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Constabulary came out on stage at the county's Pride event in 2014.[15]
2015
editUnited Kingdom
- In the United Kingdom, after the disbanding of the GPA because of government austerity measures, the National LGBT Police Network was established providing support to England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
United States
- Two gay police officers become the first partnered couple to graduate from the Boston Police Academy together. At the time of their graduation, it was believed that the couple may have been the first openly gay couple in any major police department in the U.S.[16]
2016
editCanada
- A gay Toronto police officer sends an open letter to organizers of Pride Toronto regarding political action by Black Lives Matter in 2016's parade that demanded the organizers exclude Toronto Police Service uniformed officers and police vehicles from participating in future parade festivities.[17]
"Police officers are significantly represented in the LGBTQ community and it would be unacceptable to alienate and discriminate against them and those who support them. They too struggled to gain a place and workplace free from discrimination and bias."
- Police in Toronto establish the Youth Justice Bursary Fund headed by an LGBTQ Liaison officer who provides community policing support to Toronto Police Service LGBTQ members and community members.
Chile
Netherlands
- The 1st annual World LGBT Conference for Criminal Justice Professionals[19] was held in August of this year with the theme of "To Connect And Inspire".
United States
- Among those injured in a Dallas, Texas sniper attack in July 2016 was a Dallas Area Rapid Transit officer. He and his former husband - himself a DART officer - worked with "Resource Center, a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender organization — to get same-sex partner benefits for DART a few years earlier".[20]
2020s
edit2021
editUnited Kingdom
- Adrian Hanstock was made the temporary Chief Constable of the British Transport Police, making him the first openly gay man to be chief of police of a British police force.[21][22]
Historical associations
edit- Golden State Peace Officers Association
- Gay Officers Action League
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Couto, Joe. "Covered in Blue: Police Culture and LGBT Police Officers" (PDF). RoyalRoads.ca. dspace.royalroads.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Jones, Matthew; Williams, Matthew L. (2015-03-04). "Twenty years on: lesbian, gay and bisexual police officers' experiences of workplace discrimination in England and Wales" (PDF). Policing and Society. 25 (2): 188–211. doi:10.1080/10439463.2013.817998. ISSN 1043-9463. S2CID 295115.
- ^ a b Cohen, Susan (April 25, 1979). "Homosexual Police Officers". The Evening Independent. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ a b Weber, Bruce (May 17, 2015). "Sam Ciccone, a Champion of Gay Police Officers, Dies at 71". New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Lewis, Alfred; Valentine, Paul. "Police Transsexual Seeks Active Duty". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 Mar 2021.
- ^ Anna Qundlen, "A Tough Month in the New Life of a Policeman", The New York Times, Dec. 5, 1981.
- ^ Scotto, Michael. "Greenwich Village Street Named After Man Considered NYPD's First Publicly Gay Officer". \NY1.com. Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Dickey, Jim (March 16, 1987). "Gay police officers increasingly in open". Spokane Chronicle. Knight Ridder. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Duffy, Andrew; Smith, Marie-Danielle (August 15, 2014). "Death by hate: The life, power and symbolism of Alain Brosseau". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
- ^ "The Lesbian and Gay Police Association-1992 to 2005". goalchicago.info. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ CBC News (May 15, 2019). "Hate crime unit confusion 'unfortunate,' interim chief says". CBC News.
- ^ "Uniformed officers march in Gay Pride". BBC News Online. 2003-07-26. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ "About Us". gay-police.eu. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Collyns, Dan (14 May 2009). "Peru to ban gay police officers". BBC News. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Wilkinson, Michael. ""I'm gay" says Gloucestershire Chief Constable Suzette Davenport | Gloucestershire Live". GloucestershireLive. Local World Limited. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ "Boston's Finest: Gay Couple Is First to Graduate Police Academy Together". Out.com. Here Media Inc. 2015-06-17. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ "This gay Toronto cop sent an open letter to Pride Toronto about the Black Lives Matter protest". CBC. July 4, 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ "Meet The First Gay Police Officer In Chile To Celebrate A Civil Union". The Huffington Post. Reuters. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Politie Nederland, "Proud To Be Your Friend", 2016
- ^ "Profiles in courage: A look at the lives of the Dallas ambush victims". DallasNews.com. Reuters. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ "As #LGBTHM21 comes to an end, our temporary Chief Constable @BTPDeputy reflects on his journey within the force. Read his article here..." Twitter - @btp. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ "First openly gay man to lead a UK police force doesn't want it to be an 'historic moment'". PinkNews. 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-02-26.