Hygrocybe punicea is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of crimson waxcap.[2] The species has a European distribution,[1] occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] Records of H. punicea from North America (where it is called scarlet waxy cap and occurs in woodland),[3] East Asia, and Australia require further research to see if they represent the same species.[1]
| Hygrocybe punicea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hygrocybe punicea, England | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | Hygrocybe |
| Species: | H. punicea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Hygrocybe punicea | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Taxonomy
editThe species was first described in 1821 by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus puniceus, the Latin "puniceus" meaning "blood red". German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus Hygrocybe in 1871.
Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that Hygrocybe punicea belongs in Hygrocybe sensu stricto.[4]
Description
editBasidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 150 mm (6 in) tall, the cap convex to broadly umbonate becoming flat, up to 150 mm (6 in) across. The cap surface is smooth, greasy to viscid, dull dark red to crimson becoming pale yellow to buff in places when dry. The lamellae (gills) are waxy, dark red to buff with purple tints and yellowish margin. The stipe (stem) is smooth but fibrillose and streaky, yellow to orange-red, whitish towards base, lacking a ring. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, measuring about 8.5 to 10 by 4.5 to 5.5 μm.[5]
Similar species
editThe European Hygrocybe splendidissima (Spendid Waxcap) can be almost as large, but is scarlet, has a dry cap and non-fibrillose stipe, and has a distinct honey smell when rubbed or when drying. The north temperate Hygrocybe coccinea (Scarlet Waxcap) is also scarlet, but normally much smaller than H. punicea and has a non-fibrillose stipe and a cap that is finely nodulose under a lens.[5]
Distribution and habitat
editThe Crimson Waxcap is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe.[1] Like most other European waxcaps, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns).
Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.[6]
Conservation
editHygrocybe punicea is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] Hygrocybe punicea also appears on the official or provisional national red lists of threatened fungi in several European countries, including Bulgaria,[7] Croatia,[7] Czech Republic,[7] Denmark,[8] Estonia,[7] Germany,[9] and Sweden.[7]
Hygrocybe punicea | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is conical or umbonate |
 | Hymenium is adnexed or free |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Edibility is not recommended |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Mešić, A (2019). "Hygrocybe punicea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. IUCN: e.T147321720A147993340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T147321720A147993340.en.
- ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
- ^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ Lodge DJ; et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0. S2CID 220615978.
- ^ a b Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
- ^ Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID 21139028. S2CID 318326.
- ^ a b c d e "National red Lists". Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ^ "Den danske rødliste: Hygrocybe punicea". Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ^ "Red List: Hygrocybe punicea". Rote Liste Zentrum. Retrieved 2022-05-02.