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Awakatek (also known as Aguateco, Awaketec, Coyotin,[3] and Balamiha, and natively as Qa'yol) is a Mayan language spoken in Guatemala, primarily in Huehuetenango and around Aguacatán.[4][5] The language only has fewer than 10,000 speakers, and is considered vulnerable by UNESCO. In addition, the language in Mexico is at high risk of endangerment, with fewer than 2,000 speakers in the state of Campeche in 2010[6] (although the number of speakers was unknown as of 2000[7][8]).
| Awakatek | |
|---|---|
| Qa'yol | |
| Native to | Guatemala |
| Region | Huehuetenango |
| Ethnicity | 12,500 Awakatek (2019 census) |
Native speakers | 10,100 in Guatemala (2019 census)[1] 20 in Mexico (2020 census)[2] |
Mayan
| |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | agu |
| Glottolog | agua1252 |
| ELP | Awakateko |
Awakatek is closely related to Ixil and the two languages together form the sub-branch Ixilean, which together with the Mamean languages, Mam and Tektitek, form a sub-branch Greater-Mamean, which again, together with the Greater-Quichean languages, ten Mayan languages, including Kʼicheʼ, form the branch Quichean–Mamean.
Otto Stoll identified two separate "Awakatek" languages spoken in the same area; the first being the Mayan language which is the subject of this article, and the second being a poorly known language which has been classified as part of the Mixe-Zoque family.[9][10]
Chalchitek
editChalchitek (or Chalchitec) is sometimes considered a dialect of Awakatek. In recent years, however, it has been recognized as a distinct language by the Guatemalan government.[11] Chalchitek is primarily spoken in the Chalchitán neighborhood of Aguacatán.
Sample text
edit| English | Aguacateco |
|---|---|
| One | Juun |
| Two | Kob' |
| Three | Ox |
| Four | Kyaaj |
| Five | O' |
| Six | Qaq |
| Seven | Juug |
| Eight | Wajwax |
| Nine | B'eluj |
| Ten | Lajuj |
| Man | Yaaj |
| Woman | Xna'n |
| Dog | Tx'i' |
| Sun | Q'eej |
| Moon | Xaaw |
| Water | A' |
| Mother | Ntxuu' |
| Father | Ntaaj |
| House | Ka'l |
| Black | Q'eq |
| White | Saq |
| Corn | Ixi'n |
| Fish | Kay |
| Dog | Xhwiit |
| Deer | Cheej |
| Jaguar | B'alam |
| Monkey | Aq' |
| Rabbit | Umul |
| Mouse | Ichi |
| Bird | Ch'ut |
| Fish | Kay |
| Snake | Lupa |
Etymology
editThe Awakatek people themselves refer to their language as qaʼyol, literally meaning 'our word'. They also call themselves qatanum, which means 'our people' and is distinct from the word Awakatec, which is used in Spanish in reference to the municipality of Aguacatán (which means place of abundant avocados and refers to agricultural production and not specifically to the indigenous people).[13][14][15]
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ii /iː/ | u /u/ | uu /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /e/ | ee /eː/ | o /o/ | oo /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | aa /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs
editThere are four diphthongs: ay /aj/, ey /ej/, oy /oj/, uy /uj/.
Consonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Palatalized | ||||||||||
| Plosive | Normal | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ky /kʲ/ | q /q/ | ' /ʔ/ | ||||
| Ejective | tʼ /tʼ/ | kʼ /kʼ/ | kyʼ/kʼʲ/ | qʼ /qʼ/ | |||||||
| Implosive | bʼ /ɓ/ | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||||||||
| Fricative | s /s/ | xh /ʃ/ | x /ʂ/ | j /h/ | |||||||
| Affricate | Normal | tz /t͡s/ | ch /t͡ʃ/ | tx /ʈ͡ʂ/ | |||||||
| Ejective | tzʼ /t͡sʼ/ | chʼ /t͡ʃʼ/ | txʼ /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ | ||||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | l /l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ | ||||||||
The coronal ejectives may be allophonically pre-voiced.[16]
References
edit- ^ Awakatek at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
- ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
- ^ "Global Recordings Network: Aguateco language". Global Recordings Network. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^ Cabral, Ernesto Díaz Couder (2001). "Culturas e interculturalidad en Guatemala". Archived from the original on 2010-02-15.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Brintnall, Douglas E., 1946- (1979). Revolt against the dead : the modernization of a Mayan community in the highlands of Guatemala. New York: Gordon and Breach. ISBN 0677051700. OCLC 4638179.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Awakatecos - Lengua". Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. Retrieved 14 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
- ^ Aridjis, H. (22 February 2009). "Homero aridjis / reír en 7 mil lenguas". Reforma: 14.
- ^ Solano y Perez Lila, Francisco de. Areas lingüísticas y población de habla indígena de Guatemala en 1772. Spain, Departamento de Historia de América de la Universidad de Madrid, 1969.
- ^ Lowe, Gareth W. 1977. “The Mixe-Zoque as Competing Neighbors of the Early Lowland Maya.” In The Origins of Maya Civilization, 197–248. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. https://ehrafarchaeology.yale.edu/document?id=ny52-036.
- ^ Martínez, Francisco Mauricio (2003-08-17). "Los pobladores de Coacutec" (PDF). Revista Domingo (in Spanish) (1158). Prensa Libre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-24.
- ^ "Aguacateco Language and the Aguacateco Indian Tribe (Awakateko, Aguateca, Kayol)". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ Meyer, Evan. "Evan Meyer served in Guatemala". Retrieved 27 June 2007.
- ^ "Comunidad Lingüística Awakateka" (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ Meyer, Evan. "CU Peace Corps volunteers offer vignettes from their lives abroad - Evan Meyer". Retrieved 27 June 2007.
- ^ Larsen, Thomas W. (1983). Aguacatec syntax from a functional perspective. In Studies in Mesoamerican linguistics: Berkeley: University of California. pp. 120–219.
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