Gayo language

Gayo
Gayo
Basa Gayo
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sumatra
Ethnicity	335,000 Gayo (2010 census)
Native speakers	280,000 (2010 census)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Gayo; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-2	gay
ISO 639-3	gay
Glottolog	gayo1244

Gayo (alternatively rendered as Gajo) is an endangered Austronesian language spoken by some 275,000 people in the mountainous region of the Indonesian province Aceh on the Northern tip of the island of Sumatra, specifically around the Central Aceh, Bener Meriah and Gayo Lues regencies. It is classified as belonging to the Western Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages, but is not closely related to other languages. Ethnologue lists Bukit, Dëret, Lues, Lut, and Serbejadi-Lukup as dialects.

Gayo is distinct from other languages in Aceh. The art and culture of the Gayo people is also significantly different compared with other ethnic groups in Aceh.

In 1907, G.A.J. Hazeu wrote a first Gayo–Dutch dictionary for the colonial authorities of the Dutch East Indies.^[2]

Phonology

Consonants^[3]
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal	Labial-velar
Nasal		/m/ ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩		ɲ ⟨ny⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ ⟨p⟩	/t/ ⟨t⟩			/k/ ⟨k⟩	/ʔ/ ⟨'⟩
Plosive	voiced	/b/ ⟨b⟩	/d/ ⟨d⟩			/ɡ/ ⟨g⟩
Fricative			/s/ ⟨s⟩				/h/ ⟨h⟩
Affricate	voiceless			/t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩
Affricate	voiced			/d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩
Trill			/r/ ⟨r⟩
Approximant			/l/ ⟨l⟩		/j/ ⟨y⟩			/w/ ⟨w⟩

Vowels^[3]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ ⟨i⟩		/u/ ⟨u⟩
Near-Close	(ɪ)		(ʊ)
Close-Mid	/e/ ⟨é⟩	/ə/ ⟨e⟩	/o/ ⟨ô⟩
Open-Mid	/ɛ/ ⟨è⟩	/ə/ ⟨e⟩	/ɔ/ ⟨o⟩
Open		/a/ ⟨a⟩/⟨ë⟩

References

^ ^a ^b Gayo at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
^ Gajosch-Nederlandsch Woordenboek, by G.A.J. Hazeu, Landsdrukkerij Batavia 1907. It is available online as a Google scan.
^ ^a ^b Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006), "Gayo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 107–115, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416