Rade language

Rade
Rade
Klei Êđê
Native to	Vietnam
Ethnicity	Rade
Native speakers	180,000 in Vietnam (2007)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Chamic Highlands Rade; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; rad – Rade; ibh – Bih
Glottolog	rade1240 Rade; biha1246 Bih
ELP	Bih

Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.^[2]

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)^[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.^[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.^[5]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).^[6]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)^[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

Area 1
- Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
- Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
- Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
Area 2
- Mdhur
- Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)^[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
Kpă – Adham: 82%
Kpă – Ktul: 82%
Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
Kpă – Blô: 82%
Kpă – Êpan: 85%
Kpă – Drao: 81%
Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary

Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)^{[clarification needed]}
Ih – you
Ung – husband
Ñu – her/him
Diñu – they
Drei – we
Khăp – love
Bi êmut – hate
idai – younger sibling
amĭ – mom/mother
yah – grandma/grandmother
aê – grandma/grandfather
Ama – father, dad daddy
Jhat – ugly, bad
Siam – pretty
Siam mniê – beautiful girl
Jăk – good
Khăp – love
Brei – give
Djŏ – true
Nao – go
Kâo – I/me
anăn – name
Čar – country
Čiăng – want/like
Aê Diê – God
Blŭ – speak
Klei blŭ – language
Bur – rice porridge
Êmŏng – fat
Êwang – skinny
Jŭ – black
Hriê/hrê – to be from
Mơ̆ng – from
Sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
Anak – person
Hriăm – learn
Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
Ƀuôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuôt^{[clarification needed]}
Čih – type/write
Klei Mi – English
Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
loo – A lot
klei Prăng-xê – French
mluk-crazy

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels

Rade vowels
	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	ĭ /i/	i /iː/	ư̆ /ɨ/	ư /ɨː/	ŭ /u/	u /uː/
Mid	ê̆ /e/	ê /eː/	ơ̆ /ə/	ơ /əː/	ô̆ /o/	ô /oː/
Low	ĕ /ɛ/	e /ɛː/	ă /a/	a /aː/	ŏ /ɔ/	o /ɔː/

Vowels /ɨ ɨː, ə əː/ can also be heard as more centralized-back [ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː].

Consonants

Rade consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	ñ /ɲ/	ng /ŋ/
Stop	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/	č /c/	k /k/	/ʔ/
	aspirated	ph /pʰ/	th /tʰ/	čh /cʰ/	kh /kʰ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/	j /ɟ/	g /ɡ/
	implosive	ƀ /ɓ/	đ /ɗ/	dj /ʄ/
Fricative			s /s/			h /h/
Approximant		w /w/	l /l/	y /j/
Rhotic			r /r/

/w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.^[7]

References

^ Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
^ ^a ^b ^c Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
^ Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
^ Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
^ Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
^ Đoàn 1993.

External links

Alphabet and pronunciation
ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
Waddington, Ray. "Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede". www.peoplesoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2019-11-21.

[e18-1] Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.

[Doan1998-3] Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.

[4] Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.

[5] Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.

[6] Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.

[FOOTNOTEĐoàn1993-7] Đoàn 1993.

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]