Sedang is an Austro-Asiatic language spoken in eastern Laos and Kon Tum Province in south central Vietnam. The Sedang language has the most speakers of any of the languages of the North Bahnaric language group, a group of languages known for their range of vowel phonations.
| Sedang | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Vietnam and Laos |
| Region | Kon Tum, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Dak Lak(Vietnam) |
| Ethnicity | Sedang people |
Native speakers | 98,000 (2007)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sed |
| Glottolog | seda1262 |
 | |
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | unaspirated | p | t | tɕ | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | ||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮdʑ | ᵑɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | |
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | |||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Upper Mid | e | o | |
| Lower Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Low | a |
| Front Glide | Central Glide | Back Glide | |
|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ Nucleus | iɛ̯, ḭɛ̯ | iə̯, ḭə̯, ĩə̯̃, ḭ̃ə̯̃ | io̯, ĩõ̯ |
| /u/ Nucleus | uə̯, ṵə̯, ũə̯̃, ṵ̃ə̯̃ | uo̯, ṵo̯ | |
| /e/ Nucleus | eə̯, ḛə̯, ẽə̯̃, ḛ̃ə̯̃ | eo̯, ḛo̯, ḛ̃o̯ | |
| /o/ Nucleus | oɛ̯, o̰ɛ̯ | oə̯, o̰ə̯, õə̯̃ |
Sedang itself has 24 pure vowels: 7 vowel qualities, all of which may be plain ([a]), nasalized ([ã]), and creaky ([a̰]) and three of which /i a o/ may be both nasal and creaky ([ã̰]). While it does not have the length distinctions of other North Bahnaric languages, it has more diphthongs, between 33 and 55 vowel sounds all together. (The above set yields 50.) Sedang is thus sometimes claimed to have the largest vowel inventory in the world. However, other Bahnaric languages have more vowel qualities (Bahnar, for example, has 9) in addition to phonemic vowel length so the language with the record depends closely on how the languages are described and distinct vowels are defined.
References
edit- ^ Sedang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Smith, Kenneth D. (1975). Phonology and Syntax of Sedang, A Vietnam Mon-Khmer Language. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 62–64.
Further reading
edit- Smith, Kenneth D. (1967). "Sedang dialects". Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises. 42: 195–255.
- Smith, Kenneth D. (1968). "Laryngealization and de-laryngealization in Sedang phonemics". Linguistics. 6 (38): 52–69.
- Smith, Kenneth D. (1969). "Sedang ethnodialects". Anthropological Linguistics. 11 (5): 143–147. JSTOR 30029222.
- Smith, Kenneth D. (1973). "More on Sedang ethnodialects" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 4: 43–51.
- Smith, Kenneth D. (1979). Sedang Grammar: Phonological and Syntactic Structure. Pacific Linguistics Series B - No. 50. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-b50. hdl:1885/145050. ISBN 978-0-85883-180-3.
- Lê Đông, Tạ Văn Thông (2008), Từ điển Việt - Xơ Đăng, Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin
External links
edit
- Sedang Dictionary with English, Vietnamese, and French glossaries
- Paul Sidwell's Mon–Khmer language information at the Australian National University.
- Sound sample showing the distinction between clear and creaky vowels, from the link above.
- Smith's dissertation