I (pronoun)

In Modern English, I is the singular, first-person pronoun.

Morphology

In Standard Modern English, I has five distinct word forms:

I: the nominative (subjective)^[i] form
- I is the only pronoun form that is always capitalized in English.^[ii] This practice became established in the late 15th century, though lowercase i was sometimes found as late as the 17th century.^[1]
me: the accusative (objective, also called 'oblique'^[2]^: 146)^[i] form
my: the dependent genitive (possessive)^[i] form
mine: the independent genitive (possessive)^[i] form
myself: the reflexive form

History

Old English had a first-person pronoun that inflected for four cases and three numbers. I originates from Old English (OE) ic, which had in turn originated from the continuation of Proto-Germanic *ik, and ek;^[3] the asterisk denotes an unattested form, but ek was attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions (in some cases notably showing the variant eka; see also ek erilaz). Linguists assume ik to have developed from the unstressed variant of ek. Variants of ic were used in various English dialects up until the 1600s.^[4] The Proto-Germanic root came, in turn, from the Proto Indo-European language (PIE) *eg-.^[3]

Old and Middle English first-person pronouns ^[7]
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Early OE^[a]	Late OE	ME	Early	Late	ME	Early	Late	ME
Nominative	iċ	ic	I	wit	wit	—	we	wē	wē
Accusative	meċ	mē	mē	uncit	unc		usiċ	ūs	us
Dative	me	mē	mē	unc	unc		ūs	ūs	us
Genitive	mīn	mīn	mī(n)	uncer	uncer		ūser	ūre	our(es)

^ c. 700 CE

Old English me and mec are from Proto-Germanic *meke (accusative) and *mes (dative).^[8] Mine is from Proto-Germanic *minaz,^[9] and my is a reduced form of mine.^[10] All of these are from PIE root *me-.^[8]^[9]

Syntax

Functions

I can appear as a subject, object, determiner, or predicative complement.^[11] The reflexive form also appears as an adjunct.^[12] Me occasionally appears as a modifier in a noun phrase.

Subject: I'm here; me being here; my being there; I paid for myself to be here.
Object: She saw me; She introduced him to me; He gave me the book; I saw myself in the mirror; It was a picture of me.
Predicative complement: The only person there was me / I; I made her mine.
Determiner: I met my friend.
Adjunct: I fixed the problem myself.
Modifier: the me generation

Coordinative constructions

The above applies when the pronoun stands alone as the subject or object. In some varieties of English (particularly in formal registers), those rules also apply in coordinative constructions such as "you and I".^[13]

"My husband and I wish you a merry Christmas."
"Between you and me..."

In many dialects of informal English, the accusative is sometimes used when the pronoun is part of a coordinative subject construction,^[13] as in

"Phil and me wish you a merry Christmas."

This is stigmatized but common in many dialects.^[13]

Dependents

Pronouns rarely take dependents, but it is possible for me to have many of the same kind of dependents as other noun phrases.

Relative clause modifier: the me I'd like to be; *me I'd like to be
Determiner: the me I'd like to be; *the me
Adjective phrase modifier: the real me
Adverb phrase external modifier: Not even me

Semantics

I's referents are limited to the individual person speaking or writing, the first person. I is always definite and specific.

Pronunciation

According to the OED, the following pronunciations are used:


Form	Plain	Unstressed	Recording
I	(UK) /ʌɪ/ (US) /aɪ/		female speaker with UK accent
me	(UK) /miː/ (US) /mi/	/mi/, /mɪ/ /mɪ/	female speaker with US accent
my	(UK) /mʌɪ/ (US) /maɪ/		female speaker with US accent
mine	(UK) /mʌɪn/ (US) /maɪn/		female speaker with US accent
myself	(UK) /mʌɪˈsɛlf/ (US) /maɪˈsɛlf/	/mᵻˈsɛlf/ /məˈsɛlf/	female speaker with US accent

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Terminological note:
Authorities use different terms for the inflectional (case) forms of the personal pronouns, such as the oblique-case form me, which is used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition, as well as other uses. For instance, one standard work on English grammar, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, uses the term objective case, while another, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, uses the term accusative case. Similarly, some use the term nominative for the form I, while others use the term subjective. Some authorities use the term genitive for forms such as my where others use the term possessive. Some grammars refer to my and mine, respectively, as the dependent genitive and the independent genitive, while others call my a possessive adjective and mine a possessive pronoun.
^ Other pronouns may be capitalized when referring to the Deity ("God's in His heaven") and, of course, when beginning a sentence. The capitalization of the first person pronoun is distinctive of English, although it is common in other languages to capitalize a second person pronoun, for example Sie in German and Anda in Indonesian.

References

^ Fowler 2015.
^ Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b "i | Origin and meaning of the name i". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on Mar 6, 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
^ OED online.
^ Hogg, Richard, ed. (1992). The Cambridge history of the English language: Volume I The beginnings to 1066. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Early OE,^[5]^: 144 late OE,^[6]^: 117 and ME^[6]^: 120
^ ^a ^b "me | Search". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on Nov 12, 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
^ ^a ^b "mine | Origin and meaning of mine". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
^ "my | Origin and meaning of my". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002.
^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002, p. 262.
^ ^a ^b ^c Huddleston & Pullum 2002, pp. 462–463.

Bibliography

"Oxford English Dictionary Online".
Fowler, H.W. (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.). Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0.
Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
"Etymology of I". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. ^{[unreliable source?]}
"Etymology of Me". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. ^{[unreliable source?]}
Halleck, Elaine (editor). "Sum: Pronoun "I" again Archived 2000-10-27 at the Wayback Machine". LINGUIST List 9.253., n.p., Web. 20 Feb. 1998. ^{[unreliable source?]}
Jacobsen, Martin (editor). "Sum: Pronoun 'I' Archived 2000-10-26 at the Wayback Machine". LINGUIST List 9.253., n.p., Web. 20 Feb. 1998. ^{[unreliable source?]}
Mahoney, Nicole. "Language Change Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine". National Science Foundation. n.p. 12 July 2008. Web. 21 Dec. 2010
Wells, Edward. "Further Elucidation on the Capitalization of 'I' in English". (a paper in progress). Lingforum.com. n.p., Web. 25 Dec. 2010 ^{[unreliable source?]}