The Inn (Latin: Aenus;[2] Romansh: En) is a river in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. The 518 km (322 mi) long river is a right tributary of the Danube, being the third largest tributary of the Danube by discharge. The highest point of its drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at 4,049 m (13,284 ft). The Engadine, the valley of the En, is the only Swiss valley whose waters end up in the Black Sea (via the Danube).
| Inn Romansh: En | |
|---|---|
 Lower Inn valley from Rattenberg castle | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Countries | |
| Cities | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Swiss Alps (Lägh dal Lunghin) |
| • coordinates | 46°25′00″N 9°40′35″E / 46.41673°N 9.67645°E |
| • elevation | 2,484 m (8,150 ft) |
| Mouth | |
• location | Danube (Passau) |
• coordinates | 48°34′25″N 13°28′38″E / 48.57353°N 13.47713°E |
• elevation | 291 m (955 ft) |
| Length | 518.5 km (322.2 mi) [1] |
| Basin size | 26,053 km2 (10,059 sq mi) [1] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | mouth |
| • average | 735 m3/s (26,000 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Danube→ Black Sea |
 | |
Etymology
editThe name Inn is derived from the old Celtic words en and enios, meaning water. In a document of 1338, the river was named Wasser (German for water). The first written mention from the years 105 to 109 (Publii Corneli Taciti historiarium liber tertius) reads: "... Sextilius Felix... ad occupandam ripam Aeni fluminis, quod Raetos Noricosque interfluit, missus..." ("... Sextilius Felix was sent to capture the banks of the Inn, which flows between the Rhaetian people and the Noric people.")[3] The river is also mentioned by other authors of the Roman Empire as Ainos (Greek) or Aenus (Latin). In medieval Latin it was written as Enus or Oenus. The change in the old Bavarian language from e to i turned Enus to In. Until the 17th century, it was written like this or Yn, but also Ihn or Yhn. The double-n appeared only in the 16th century, for example in the Tyrolian Landreim of 1557, and since the 18th century this spelling and pronunciation with a short vowel has been customary.[4]
The mentions in Roman times refer to the lower course. The Tyrolean section was first called Aenus by Venantius Fortunatus in the 6th century. The name Engadin and the Romansh name En indicate that the upper reaches of the river have always been called this way.[citation needed] Even though it was occasionally believed that the Inn originated near the Adige at the Reschen Pass, since the 16th century at the latest the origin has been seen uniformly in the area of the lakes at the Maloja Pass.[4]
A connection may exist between the name Inn and the name of the French river Ain.[5]
Geography
editThe source of the Inn is located in the Swiss Alps, west of St. Moritz in the Engadine region, which is named after the river (Romansh Engiadina; Latin vallis Eniatina). Shortly after it leaves its source, the Inn flows through the largest lakes on its course, Lake Sils and Lake Silvaplana. It runs north-eastwards, entering Austria, and from Landeck eastwards through the Austrian state of Tyrol and its capital, Innsbruck (bridge over the Inn), and crosses the border into Bavaria near Kufstein.
On Bavarian territory the river runs northwards and passes Rosenheim, Wasserburg am Inn, and Waldkraiburg; then it turns east, runs through Mühldorf and Neuötting and is enlarged by two major tributaries, the Alz and the Salzach. From here to the Danube, it forms the border between Germany (Bavaria) and Austria (Upper Austria). Towns on this last section of the river are Marktl am Inn, Simbach on Inn, Braunau am Inn and Schärding.
In Passau the Inn finally enters the Danube (as does the river Ilz there). Although the Inn has a greater average flow than the Danube when they converge in Passau, and its watershed contains the Piz Bernina, the highest point in the Danube watershed, the Inn is considered a tributary of the Danube, which has a greater length, drains a larger surface area, and has a more consistent flow. The Inn is the only river originating in Switzerland that ends in the Black Sea (via the Danube).
Tributaries
edit
- Right tributaries (in downstream order): Flaz, Spöl, Clemgia, Faggenbach, Pitzbach, Ötztaler Ache, Melach, Sill, Ziller, Alpbach, Wildschönauer Ache, Brixentaler Ache, Weißache, Kaiserbach, Rohrdorfer Ache, Sims, Murn, Alz, Salzach, Enknach, Mattig, Ach, Hartbach, Antiesen, Pram
- Left tributaries (in downstream order; two different rivers called Rott exist): Beverin, Schergenbach, Sanna, Gurglbach, Höttinger Bach, Mühlauer Bach, Brandenberger Ache, Kieferbach, Auerbach, Kirchbach, Mangfall, Rott, Attel, Isen, Rott
Flow
editThe average discharge at the mouth of the Inn is 735 m3/s (26,000 cu ft/s).[6]
Years 1921/2006[7]
2013 flood
edit
On 3 June 2013 the discharge of the Inn in Passau reached 6,820 m3/s (241,000 cu ft/s)[7] and the water levels reached 12.85 m (42.2 ft), the highest recorded historic flood level since 1501.[8] The historic centre of Passau, where the Danube, Inn and Ilz converge, was flooded severely.
Hydroelectric power plants
editCurrently, there are 24 hydroelectric power plants on the Inn. 17 of them are operated by Verbund AG.[9] The power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters:
| Dam | Nameplate capacity (MW) | Annual generation (Mio. kwh) |
|---|---|---|
| Islas[10] | 4.3 | 17 |
| Ova Spin[11] | 50 | 100 |
| Pradella[12] | 288 | 1,000 |
| Martina | 70 | 290 |
| Imst[13] | 89 | 550 |
| Kirchbichl[14] | 19.3 | 131 |
| Langkampfen[15] | 31.5 | 169 |
| Oberaudorf-Ebbs | 60 | 268 |
| Nussdorf | 48 | 245.8 |
| Rosenheim | 35 | 179.5 |
| Feldkirchen | 38 | 204 |
| Wasserburg | 29 | 165.7 |
| Teufelsbruck | 25 | 150.4 |
| Gars | 30 | 169.2 |
| Jettenbach | 6 | 30.2 |
| Töging | 85 | 564.6 |
| Neuötting | 26 | 159.4 |
| Perach | 19 | 128.4 |
| Stammham | 23 | 136.4 |
| Braunau-Simbach | 100 | 550 |
| Ering-Frauenstein | 72 | 434 |
| Egglfing-Obernberg | 84 | 485 |
| Schärding-Neuhaus | 96 | 541.8 |
| Passau-Ingling | 86 | 504.7 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Complete table of the Bavarian Waterbody Register by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment (xls, 10.3 MB)
- ^ Richard J.A. Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map-By-Map Directory. Vol. I. Princeton, NJ and Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0691049459.
- ^ "Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. Reitzenstein: Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. C.H.Beck, Munich 2006
- ^ a b Otto Stolz: Geschichtskunde der Gewässer Tirols. Schlern-Schriften, Band 32, Innsbruck 1932, S. 6–14 und 83–88 (Digitalisat)
- ^ Arnaud Vendryes: L'Ain : le nom d'une rivière à travers les sources. In: Société d'Emulation du Jura, Travaux 2015, S. 147–168
- ^ "Danube River Basin District, Part A - Roof Report" (PDF). ICPDR. April 2004. p. 12.
- ^ a b "Statistik Passau Ingling / Inn" (in German). www.hnd.bayern.de. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ "Central Europe Hit by Rains, Floods and Landslides: AIR Analysis". www.insurancejournal.com. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ "VERBUND on the Inn". Verbund. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Elektrizitäts-Produktion" (in German). www.stmoritz-energie.ch. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Zentrale Ova Spin" (in German). Engadiner Kraftwerke. Retrieved 18 January 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Zentrale Pradella" (in German). Engadiner Kraftwerke. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Kraftwerk Imst" (in German). Tiroler Wasserkraft. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Kraftwerk Kirchbichl" (in German). Tiroler Wasserkraft. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ "Kraftwerk Langkampfen" (in German). Tiroler Wasserkraft. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
External links
edit
- Inn (district and river) in Romansh, German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.