Jacek Malczewski (Polish: [ˈjat͡sɛk malˈt͡ʂɛfskʲi] ; 15 July 1854 – 8 October 1929) was a Polish symbolist painter who was one of the central figures of the patriotic Young Poland movement. His creative output combined the predominant style of his times with historical motifs of Polish martyrdom, the romantic ideals of independence, Christian and Greek mythology, folk tales, as well as his love of the natural world.[1][2] He was the father of painter Rafał Malczewski.[3]
Jacek Malczewski | |
|---|---|
 Self-portrait with palette, 1892 | |
| Born | 15 July 1854 Radom, Congress Poland, Russian Empire |
| Died | 8 October 1929 (aged 75) |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | Symbolism |
| Spouse | Maria née Garlewska |
| Children | 2, including Rafał |
Childhood
editMalczewski was born in Radom, Congress Poland, under occupation of the Russian Empire.[4] During his childhood and early youth he was greatly influenced by his father Julian, a Polish patriot and social activist who introduced him to the world of romantic literature inspired by the November Uprising. On his mother's side, he was related to the Szymanowski family whom they often visited on their Masovian country estate in Cygów. The attractiveness of the Polish landscape and associated folklore had been awakened in him by Feliks Karczewski, his uncle and long-time guardian, who had invited future novelist Adolf Dygasiński to his estate, to act as Jacek's home tutor.[1]
Artistic career
editMalczewski moved to Kraków at age 17, and began his artistic education in 1872 under the watchful eye of Polish painter and draughtsman Leon Piccard and attended his first art classes in the workshop of Władysław Łuszczkiewicz at the School of Fine Arts. A year later, in 1873, assessed by Jan Matejko himself, Malczewski formally enrolled at the School, and studied with Łuszczkiewicz, Feliks Szynalewski and Florian Cynk. In 1876 he went to Paris and studied for a year at the École des Beaux-Arts, in the studio of Henri Lehmann. He next moved to the Académie Suisse.[1][4]
Malczewski had already begun master classes with Jan Matejko in 1875 before embarking on the trip to France, and completed them in 1879 after his return from abroad. In spite of considerable stylistic differences between them, Malczewski was greatly influenced by Matejko's historical painting filled with neo-romantic metaphor and patriotic themes. In 1879, Malczewski completed a course in composition under Matejko.[5] He was equally impressed with the dramatic art of earlier Polish romantic painter Artur Grottger. His painting revolved around a few carefully selected motifs, constantly retold and expanded according to mythology and filled with national symbols. His own imagination enabled Malczewski to channel his creativity and let new aesthetic ideas emerge giving rise to what became Poland's school of Symbolism.[1]
Inspiration
editOver the course of some 30 years between 1885 and 1916, Malczewski regularly visited Paris, Munich and Vienna. He made several trips to Italy, Greece and Turkey. He also took part in an archaeological expedition organized by his friend Karol Lanckoroński. He drew his inspiration from a wide variety of sources often exotic or biblical, and translated them back into Polish folklore, tradition and motifs in his own painting.[2] His most famous canvases include Błędne koło (Vicious Circle, 1895–97), Melancholia (1890–1894), Natchnienie malarza (Painter's Muse, 1897), Wizja (A vision, 1912), the Thanatos series, and Bajki (Fables). Many of his paintings prominently feature self-portraits in elaborate costume, a trademark of his style, often displaying a great sense of self-mocking humour.[1][2]
In 1897–1900 and 1912–1921 Malczewski served as professor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków.[6] He was elected rector of the academy in 1912.[7] His art has been compared to that of the Frenchman Gustave Moreau, the Swiss Arnold Böcklin, and even to the Spaniard Salvador Dalí. His paintings won numerous awards at international exhibitions including Berlin in 1891, Munich in 1892, and Paris in 1900.[1][2][8]
Personal life
editMalczewski was married to Maria née Garlewska and they had two children, Julia (born 1888) and Rafał (born 1892), also a painter. His son later sold off all of his father's works left to him, to the National Museum in Warsaw before World War II. During the war he left Poland and after travels in Southern Europe and Brazil, finally settled in Montreal.
It is believed that the subject of numerous nude studies in Jacek Malczewski's paintings, Maria Bal (Balowa) née Brunicka, was also his long-time lover.[9] He lost his sight towards the end of his life and died in Kraków on 8 October 1929. He was buried at Skałka, Poland's national Panthéon.[4]
Art market
editIn November 2022, Malczewski's 1908 oil-on-canvas painting entitled Reality (Polish: Rzeczywistość) was sold at DESA Unicum auction house in Warsaw for 17 million zlotys (€3.6 million) setting a new record for the most expensive painting sold on the Polish art market.[10] The sale of the piece remains on hold after doubts were raised about the legal status of this property as the National Museum in Warsaw claims ownership of the work of art. The painting was last seen in public in 1926 in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). Its later whereabouts were unknown. The Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage reported to the police authorities that the painting could have been illegally taken from Poland in the 1950s.[11]
Selected works
edit-
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Portrait of a Bride, 1887, National Museum in Kraków -
In Autumn, 1890, National Museum in Kraków -
Introduction, 1890, National Museum in Kraków -
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Melancholia, 1894, National Museum in Poznań -
Vicious Circle, 1895-1897, National Museum in Poznań -
Thanatos, ca. 1899, National Museum in Warsaw -
Derwid, 1902, National Museum in Kraków -
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Motherland. Portrait of Maria Bal, 1903, National Museum in Wrocław -
Temptation of Fortune, 1904, National Museum in Poznań -
Portrait of Władysław Reymont, 1905, National Museum in Warsaw -
Bacchante, ca. 1907, Lviv National Art Gallery -
Reality, 1908 -
Self-Portrait, 1908-1915, National Museum in Kraków -
Spring, 1909, Private collection -
Tobias with a Harpy, 1909, National Museum in Kraków -
Ellenai, 1910, National Museum in Kraków -
Christ and Samaritan Woman at the Well, 1910, Private collection -
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Christ and the Samaritian Woman, 1912, Lviv National Art Gallery -
Self-Portrait in a White Beret, 1914, National Museum in Kraków -
Young Poland, 1917, National Museum in Kraków -
Preludium, 1918, Private collection
See also
editNotes and references
edit- ^ a b c d e f Irena Kossowska (October 2002). "Jacek Malczewski". Symbolizm w polskim malarstwie przełomu XIX i XX wieku (in Polish). Instytut Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Culture.pl. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
Filled with erotic undertones the existentialist trend in Malczewski's art revealed his deep attachment to Polish tradition and his fascination with legend and folklore (Polish: Nasycony erotycznymi podtekstami, egzystencjalny nurt w twórczości Malczewskiego... dawał wyraz zakorzeniania artysty w rodzimej tradycji, jego fascynacji ludowymi legendami i baśniami.)
- ^ a b c d Marcin Grota (1996). "Malczewski's Mythology". Malczewski exhibition at the Czartoryski Museum (Warsaw Voice review). University of Buffalo. Info.Poland. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
[He produced] paintings showing Madonnas with faces and figures characteristic of the type of beauty that in Malczewski's times could be seen in the villages scattered along the Vistula river...
- ^ Szymalak-Bugajska, Paulina (2017). "Jacek Malczewski – rycerz polskiej sztuki" [Jacek Malczewski - Knight of Polish Art] (in Polish). niezlasztuka.net. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ a b c PAP (12 August 2011). "Obrazy Malczewskich na wystawie w Zakopanem". Wiadomości (in Polish). Gazeta.pl. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ Jacek Malczewski at Culture.pl
- ^ "Jacek Malczewski (Radom 1854 - Kraków 1929)". Short biography (in Polish). Pinakoteka Zascianek.pl. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN, Warsaw 1974.
- ^ Polish Press Agency (4 September 2012). "Biografia Jacka Malczewskiego". Malczewski. Dukt pisma i pędzla (in Polish). Onet.Kultura. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ^ "Jacek Malczewski – rycerz polskiej sztuki" (in Polish). 14 July 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ Włodzimierz Kalicki (14 September 2012). "Malczewski u źródła". Ale historia (in Polish). Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ Johnny M. Miller. "Painting by Malczewski becomes Poland's most expensive art sale after 17 million zloty". bmcsan.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Klaudia Kamieniarz (25 November 2022). "Niewidziany od stu lat obraz Malczewskiego miał pobić rekord. Ale w domu aukcyjnym zjawili się śledczy". tvn24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
External links
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