Wikipedia

Jonathan Turley

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 21 December 2024.

Jonathan Turley is an American attorney, legal scholar, writer, commentator, and legal analyst in broadcast and print journalism.[3] A professor at George Washington University Law School, he has testified in United States congressional proceedings about constitutional and statutory issues. He has also testified in multiple impeachment hearings and removal trials in Congress, including the impeachment of President Bill Clinton and both the first and second impeachments of President Donald Trump.[4][5] Turley is a First Amendment advocate and writes frequently on free speech restrictions in the private and public sectors.[6][7][8]

Jonathan Turley
Turley in 2017
Born (1961-05-06) May 6, 1961 (age 63)[1]
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.[2]
Spouse
Leslie Turley
​
(m. 1997)​
Academic background
EducationUniversity of Chicago (BA)
Northwestern University (JD)
Academic work
DisciplineLaw
Sub-disciplineConstitutional law, tort law, criminal law, legal theory
InstitutionsGeorge Washington University
Websitejonathanturley.org

As an attorney, Turley has worked on notable cases in civil rights defense including the defense of Dr. Sami Al-Arian, NSA whistleblower David Faulk, protesters at the World Bank/IMF demonstrations in 2000, and the Brown family in their challenge to Utah polygamy laws. Turley has also served as counsel on prominent Federal cases including the defense of Area 51 workers, and as lead counsel in the 2014 challenge to the Affordable Care Act.

Early life and education

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Turley grew up in a politically active Chicago family as the youngest of five children. His father, John (Jack) Turley was an international architect, partner at Skidmore, Owens, and Merrill, and the former associate of famed modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Turley has written about his father's influence on his constitutional theories.[9] His mother, Angela Piazza Turley, was a social worker and activist who was the former president of Jane Addams Hull-House in Chicago. He is of Irish and Italian ancestry.[10]

Turley served as a House leadership page in 1977 and 1978 under the sponsorship of Illinois Democrat Sidney Yates.[11]

He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1983, and a Juris Doctor degree from Northwestern University School of Law in 1987. He served as Executive Articles Editor of Northwestern University Law Review.

During the Reagan Administration, Turley worked as an intern with the general counsel’s office of the National Security Agency (NSA).[12][13]

Career

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Testifying to Congress, 2007

Turley holds the Shapiro Chair for Public Interest Law at The George Washington University Law School, where he teaches torts, criminal procedure, and constitutional law. He is the youngest person to receive an academic chair in the school's history. He runs the Project for Older Prisoners (POP),[14][15] the Environmental Law Clinic, and the Environmental Legislation Project.[16]

Prior to joining George Washington University, he was on the faculty of Tulane University Law School.[16]

His articles on legal and policy issues have appeared in national publications; he has had articles published in The New York Times,[17] The Washington Post,[18] USA Today,[19] the Los Angeles Times,[14] and the Wall Street Journal.[20] He frequently appears in the national media as a commentator on a multitude of subjects[21][22] ranging from the 2000 U.S. presidential election controversy to the Terri Schiavo case in 2005.[23] He often is a guest on Sunday talk shows,[21] with more than two-dozen appearances on Meet the Press, ABC This Week, Face the Nation, and Fox News Sunday. He served as a contributor on Countdown with Keith Olbermann from 2003 until 2011 on MSNBC, and later on Current TV[24] in 2011 and early 2012.

Since the 1990s, he has been a legal analyst for NBC News, CBS News, the BBC and Fox News, covering stories that ranged from the Clinton impeachment to presidential elections.[25][16] He is on the board of contributors of USA Today[26] and is a columnist with The Hill.[27] He is currently a legal analyst with Fox News.[28]

Politics

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Turley in 2016

In appearances on Countdown with Keith Olbermann and The Rachel Maddow Show, he called for criminal prosecution of Bush administration officials for war crimes, including torture.[29]

In USA Today in October 2004, he argued for the legalization of polygamy,[30] provoking responses from writers such as Stanley Kurtz.[31][32]

He has opined that the Supreme Court is injecting itself into partisan politics.[33] He frequently has expressed the view that recent [when?] nominees to the court hold extreme views.[34][35]

In October 2006, in an interview by Keith Olbermann of MSNBC, he expressed strong disapproval of the Military Commissions Act of 2006.[36] Commenting on the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which he contends does away with habeas corpus, Turley says, "It's something that no one thought—certainly I didn't think—was possible in the United States. And I am not too sure how we got to this point. But people clearly don't realize what a fundamental change it is about who we are as a country. What happened today changed us."[36]

When the U.S. Senate was about to vote on Michael Mukasey for U.S. attorney general, Turley said, "The attorney general nominee's evasive remarks on 'water-boarding' should disqualify him from the job."[37] On the treatment of terrorism suspect José Padilla, Turley says, "The treatment of Padilla ranks as one of the most serious abuses after 9/11... This is a case that would have shocked the Framers. This is precisely what many of the drafters of the Constitution had in mind when they tried to create a system of checks and balances." Turley considers the case of great import on the grounds that "Padilla's treatment by the military could happen to others."[38]

Turley has said, "It is hard to read the Second Amendment and not honestly conclude that the Framers intended gun ownership to be an individual right."[39]

When Congressional Democrats asked the Justice Department to investigate the CIA's destruction of terrorist interrogation tapes Turley said, "these are very serious allegations, that raise as many as six identifiable crimes ranging from contempt of Congress, to contempt of Justice, to perjury, to false statements."[40]

Turley disagrees with the theory that dealing with bullies is just a part of growing up, claiming that they are "no more a natural part of learning than is parental abuse a natural part of growing up" and believes that "litigation could succeed in forcing schools to take bullying more seriously".[41]

He has written extensively in opposition to the death penalty, noting, "Human error remains a principal cause of botched executions... eventually society will be forced to deal directly with a fundamental moral question: Has death itself become the intolerable element of the death penalty?"[42]

He is a critic of special treatment for the church in law, asking why there are laws that "expressly exempt faith-based actions that result in harm."[43]

On October 11, 2016, Libertarian Party candidate for President, Gary Johnson, announced that if he was elected President, Turley would be one of his two top choices for the Supreme Court seat that remained open following the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.[44] Turley has been repeatedly named as a top pick for the Court by libertarian presidential candidates, including in 2020.[45]

In a 2017 column for The Hill, Turley was critical of military intervention in the Middle East and questioned its constitutionality. He also mentioned that he supported the Supreme Court nomination of Neil Gorsuch.[46]

In the wake of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, Turley argued that, despite his doubts that fraud existed, Americans should welcome the involvement of the courts to vet and validate the election results.[47]

Obama administration views

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In another commentary, Turley defended Judge Henry E. Hudson's ruling declaring the individual mandate in health insurance unconstitutional for violating the Commerce Clause of the Constitution: "It's very thoughtful—not a screed. I don't see any evidence this is motivated by Judge Hudson's personal beliefs... Anybody who's dismissing this opinion as a political screed has obviously not read the opinion."[48]

Turley described U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder in an op-ed as President Barack Obama's sin-eater, writing:

For Obama, there has been no better sin eater than Holder. When the president promised CIA employees early in his first term that they would not be investigated for torture, it was the attorney general who shielded officials from prosecution. When the Obama administration decided it would expand secret and warrantless surveillance, it was Holder who justified it. When the president wanted the authority to kill any American he deemed a threat without charge or trial, it was Holder who went public to announce the "kill list" policy. Last week, the Justice Department confirmed that it was Holder who personally approved the equally abusive search of Fox News correspondent James Rosen's e-mail and phone records in another story involving leaked classified information. In the 2010 application for a secret warrant, the Obama administration named Rosen as "an aider and abettor and/or co-conspirator" to the leaking of classified materials. The Justice Department even investigated Rosen's parents' telephone number, and Holder was there to justify every attack on the news media.[49]

In a December 2013 congressional hearing, responding to a question from Rep. Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) about presidential power in the Obama administration, Turley said:

The danger is quite severe. The problem with what the president is doing is that he's not simply posing a danger to the constitutional system. He's becoming the very danger the Constitution was designed to avoid. That is the concentration of power in every single branch.[50] This Newtonian orbit that the three branches exist in is a delicate one but it is designed to prevent this type of concentration. There is [sic] two trends going on which should be of equal concern to all members of Congress. One is that we have had the radical expansion of presidential powers under both President Bush and President Obama. We have what many once called an imperial presidency model of largely unchecked authority. And with that trend we also have the continued rise of this fourth branch. We have agencies that are quite large that issue regulations. The Supreme Court said recently that agencies could actually define their own or interpret their own jurisdiction.[51]

On November 21, 2014, Turley agreed to represent House Speaker John Boehner and the Republican Party in a suit filed against the Obama administration alleging unconstitutional implementation of the Affordable Care Act, specifically the individual mandate.[52] In 2016, the federal court ruled that the Obama Administration violated the separation of powers in ordering billions to be paid to insurance companies without an appropriation of Congress.[53]

Testimony before Congress

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The conceptual thread running through many of the issues taken on by Turley is that they involve claims of executive privilege. For example, he said that the president's claim of executive authority based on Article Two "would put our system on a slippery slope."[54] He has argued against national security exceptions to fundamental constitutional rights.[34][55]

He is a frequent witness before the House and Senate on constitutional and statutory issues,[56][57] as well as tort reform legislation.[16]

Turley has testified regularly during national controversies. He testified at the confirmation hearings of Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch,[58] Attorney General Loretta Lynch,[59] and Attorney General William Barr.[60] He also testified during the Clinton impeachment hearings.[5] Turley, in his capacity as a constitutional scholar,[61] testified in favor of the Clinton impeachment.[62][63] He was quoted extensively by congressman James Rogan during the Clinton impeachment hearings.[64]

Turley also testified in Congress against President George W. Bush's warrantless domestic surveillance program and was lead counsel in a case challenging it. In regard to warrantless wiretaps he noted that, "Judge Anna Diggs Taylor chastised the government for a flagrant abuse of the Constitution and, in a direct message to the president, observed that there are no hereditary kings in America."[65]

Views on Trump impeachments

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On December 4, 2019, Turley testified before the House Judiciary Committee regarding the constitutional grounds for presidential impeachment in the impeachment inquiry against then-President Donald Trump, arguing against a Trump impeachment.[4][66][67][68]

In his testimony, Turley objected to the effort to craft articles of impeachment around four criminal allegations: bribery, extortion, obstruction of justice, and campaign finance violations.[69] He argued that the evidence did not meet the standard definitions of those crimes, contrary to the testimony of three witnesses that such legal definitions have always been used as a measure for impeachment deliberations.[69] Turley characterized the charges against Trump as a lowering of impeachment standards to "fit a paucity of evidence and an abundance of anger."[70] The Committee ultimately rejected all four of those articles and adopted the two that Turley argued could be legitimate if proven: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[71] Where the Committee departed from the testimony was the rejection of Turley's call for more time to develop a more complete record rather than fulfill a promise to impeach by Christmas—an issue that was rekindled by the delay in the submission of the articles to the Senate as new evidence emerged in 2020.[72]

It was observed that his prior reasoning for the impeachment of President Bill Clinton contradicted the opinions he shared against the Trump impeachment.[66][67][68] Turley sought to clarify his positions regarding the two impeachments the next day in an op-ed.[73] Turley noted that in both hearings he stressed that a president could be impeached for non-criminal acts, including abuse of power, and House Judiciary Chairman Jerry Nadler ended the Trump impeachment hearings by quoting him to that effect. He has noted that the only disagreement was the sufficiency of the record and his calling on House to issue subpoenas for key witnesses such as former national security adviser John Bolton.[73] The push for additional time was due in part to Turley's concern that the House was going to impeach a president for going to the courts rather than yielding to congressional demands for witnesses and documents.[74] Given the short period of investigation, Turley objected that such a move would effectively make seeking judicial review as high crime and misdemeanor. He noted that both Presidents Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton were able to go all the way to the Supreme Court on their challenges before impeachment.[75] While Turley told the Committee that such judicial opinions were not required to impeach on obstruction, the abbreviated period of investigation undermined the foundation of that article.[76]

Turley was cited by both the White House and House managers in their arguments before the United States Senate in the Trump impeachment trial.[77] During the trial, Turley opposed the White House argument that impeachment requires a criminal allegation.[78] Turley wrote in The Washington Post that "If some of the president’s critics are adopting a far too broad understanding of impeachable offenses, the White House is adopting a far too narrow one."[79]

After the second impeachment of Donald Trump, he said there could not be a trial after Trump left office.[80] Turley's views were also cited on the House floor in Trump's second impeachment in January 2021 in the aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack, particularly his opposition to what he called a "snap impeachment."[81] Turley opposed the decision to forego any hearing to consider the implications of such a rapid impeachment, consider changes to the language, and allow for a formal response from Trump.[82] While Turley said that Trump's conduct could amount to an impeachable offense, he expressed reservations over the specific language of the article on free speech grounds.[82] He condemned Trump's speech before the riot on Twitter when it was still being given and opposed from the outset the challenge to the electoral votes that decided the election in favor of Joe Biden brought by pro-Trump Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives.[83] He argued for a bipartisan, bicameral vote of censure to condemn Trump's words and actions leading up to the riot.[83] Turley declined to represent Trump,[84] but did speak to Republican senators before both the first Trump trial[85] and the second Trump trial.[86]

2024 United States presidential election

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In August 2024, Turley asserted that the Biden-Harris administration made attacks on free speech ranging from a massive censorship system to funding blacklisting operations to silence voices it disagreed with, adding that the policies were supported by Kamala Harris. He described Tim Walz as one of the "most enthusiastic supporters of censorship and blacklisting systems", and asserted that Walz made a false claim about free speech and the claim was rejected by the Supreme Court. As Harris tapped Walz as her running mate, Turley argued that free speech was the key issue in 2024 United States presidential election, comparing it to the 1800 United States presidential election.[87]

Awards

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Turley was ranked as 38th in the top 100 most cited "public intellectuals" (and second most cited law professor) in a 2001 study by Judge Richard Posner of intellectuals referenced in the media and public debates.[88]

In 2005, Turley was given the Columnist of the Year award for Single-Issue Advocacy for his columns on civil liberties by the Aspen Institute[16] and The Week magazine.[89]

In 2008 he was awarded an honorary doctorate of law from John Marshall Law School in recognition of his career as an advocate of civil liberties and constitutional rights.[90]

He was ranked among the nation's top 500 lawyers in 2008.[91] Turley was found to be the second most cited law professor in the country as well as being ranked as one of the top ten military lawyers.[16]

In 2008 his blog was ranked as the top law professor blog and legal theory blog by the American Bar Association Journal survey of the top 100 blogs.[92][93] His work with older prisoners has been honored in various states, including his selection as the 2011 recipient of the Dr. Mary Ann Quaranta Elder Justice Award at Fordham University.[25] He has also been ranked in the top five most popular law professors on Twitter.[94]  He has received other awards including the James Madison award and was declared one of four university fellows at the Utah Valley University in 2019.[25]

Prominent cases

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Turley has served as counsel in notable cases; representing whistleblowers, military personnel, and a wide range of other clients in national security, environmental, and constitutional law cases. His cases as lead counsel have secured decisions striking down both a federal and a state law,[25] among them:

  • Larry Hanauer, a House Intelligence Committee staff member falsely accused of leaking classified information to The New York Times[95]
  • David Faulk, a whistleblower who revealed abuses at NSA's Fort Gordon surveillance programs[96]
  • Dr. Eric Foretich,[57] in overturning the Elizabeth Morgan Act in 2003[97]
  • Former Judge Thomas Porteous's impeachment trial defense[56] Turley characterized Porteous's chronic bribe-taking as merely being a "moocher", convicted on four articles of impeachment, removed as judge by a Senate vote of 94-2[98][99]
  • Defendants in terrorism cases, including Ali al-Tamimi (the alleged head of the Virginia Jihad/Paintball conspiracy)-[100] On September 1, 2020, a federal court found that his challenges to his conviction had merit and ordered his release to Turley at Supermax in Colorado to drive back to Virginia to avoid risks of Covid-19.[101]
  • Area 51 workers at a secret air base in Nevada.[102][103]
  • Lead counsel in the litigation over the mass arrests at the World Bank/IMF protests in Washington.[104]
  • Turley represented the Rocky Flats grand jury in Colorado[105]
  • Turley testified on December 4, 2019, regarding the impeachment inquiry of President Donald Trump, regarding constitutional issues not supporting the impeachment of Trump.[106]
  • Turley filed a challenge to the Libyan War on behalf of ten members of Congress. The lawsuit was before the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[107]

Personal life

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Turley married his wife, Leslie, in 1997. They have four children.[108][109]

Swatting

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On December 29, 2023, Turley was _targeted as part of the 2023 swatting attempts of American politicians.[110]

References

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  1. ^ "Jonathan Turley - Res ipso loquitur ("The thing itself speaks")". Library of Congress.
  2. ^ "Jonathan Turley". August 8, 2023.
  3. ^ Sullivan, Eileen; Savage, Charlie (December 4, 2019). "Who Is Jonathan Turley? Republicans' Lone Expert on Impeachment". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Coleman, Justine (December 4, 2019). "GOP witness to say Trump impeachment would set a 'dangerous precedent'". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Clinton Impeachment Testimony: House Judiciary Committee". Jonathan Turley. August 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  6. ^ Turley, Jonathan. "Cancel culture came for Clarence Thomas at George Washington law. Now, he's stepped aside". USA Today. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  7. ^ Turley, Jonathan (April 26, 2022). "Our digital town square: An easy solution for Musk to restore free speech to Twitter". The Hill. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  8. ^ Turley, Jonathan (November 26, 2022). "No joke: Supreme Court case could take a big bite out of the First Amendment". The Hill. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  9. ^ "Madisonian Tectonics: How Form Follows Function In Constitutional and Architectural Interpretation" (PDF). George Washington Law Review. 83: 305–378. 2015.
  10. ^ "Jonathan Turley: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". December 4, 2019.
  11. ^ Turley, Jonathan (October 10, 2000). "Farewell to Sidney Yates". Chicago Tribune.
  12. ^ Turley, Jonathan (February 17, 2014). "Report: NSA Spied On Lawyers In Confidential Communications With Clients". Jonathan Turley. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  13. ^ Turley, Jonathan (February 24, 2014). "Richard Grenell Achieves A Historic Milestone As Acting Director Of National Intelligence". Jonathan Turley. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  14. ^ a b Release Elderly Inmates Archived November 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Jonathan Turley, Los Angeles Times, October 7, 2006
  15. ^ "George Washington University Law School, The Project for Older Prisoners". Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
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  22. ^ Jonathan Turley at MSNBC Jonathan Turley at MSNBC
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  30. ^ "Polygamy laws expose our own hypocrisy" Archived June 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. USA Today. Published: October 3, 2004.
  31. ^ "Polygamy vs. Democracy". The Weekly Standard. June 5, 2006.
  32. ^ "The Floodgates Open: USA Today Promotes Polygamy" Archived December 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ^ Scalia to Talk About Constitution to House Members, Los Angeles Times, January 5, 2011
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  35. ^ "The Roberts Court: Seeing Is Believing Archived April 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", USA Today, July 5, 2006
  36. ^ a b National yawn as our rights evaporate Archived January 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New law redefines habeas corpus law professor explains, Countdown with Keith Olbermann, October 17, 2006
  37. ^ Mukasey's confirmation: a vote about torture Archived June 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, October 24, 2007
  38. ^ In Padilla interrogation, no checks or balances Archived February 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Christian Science Monitor, September 4, 2007
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  40. ^ CIA, US Justice Dept. to Investigate Destruction of Interrogation Tapes Archived November 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Voice of America News, December 8, 2007
  41. ^ "Bullying's Day in Court Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine", USA Today, July 15, 2008
  42. ^ The Punishment Fits the Times Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", USA Today, January 16, 2008.
  43. ^ When a child dies, faith is no defense. Why do courts give believers a pass? Archived February 7, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, November 16, 2009
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  48. ^ Health-law judge's prosecutor past Archived March 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Josh Gerstein, Politico, December 13, 2010
  49. ^ Turley, Jonathan. "Fire Eric Holder" Archived February 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine,USA Today, May 29, 2013
  50. ^ When Turley said "That is the concentration of power in every single branch", he surely meant to say "That is the concentration of every power in a single branch."
  51. ^ Turley: Obama's "Become The Very Danger The Constitution Was Designed To Avoid" Archived October 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Real Clear Politics, December 5, 2013
  52. ^ Deirdre Walsh and Dana Bash. "Boehner: House GOP files Obamacare suit". CNN. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
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  55. ^ "Can Congress stop the war?". USA Today. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007.
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  76. ^ "House impeachment vote". Los Angeles Times. December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
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  85. ^ Khan, Mariam. "Senate likely to take up impeachment trial after holiday recess, McConnell says". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  86. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (January 26, 2021). "Most Senate Republicans back measure saying Trump impeachment trial is unconstitutional". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  87. ^ A Harris-Walz administration would be a nightmare for free speech, Jonathan Turley, August, 10, 2024, Civil Rights, The Hill
  88. ^ Public intellectuals : a study of decline, Richard A. Posner, Harvard University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-674-00633-X
  89. ^ History of the Opinion Awards Archived July 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The Week Magazine, April 14, 2010
  90. ^ The John Marshall Law School Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, January 20, 2008
  91. ^ The Lawdragon 500 for 2008 Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, October 16, 2008
  92. ^ The Blawg 100 Archived September 4, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, ABA Journal, December 2, 2008
  93. ^ The Turley Blog Leads in Vote on Best Law Professor and Legal Theory Blogs Archived February 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Turley blog, December 27, 2008
  94. ^ "Ranking Law Professors in the Twitterverse - Above the LawAbove the Law". August 19, 2022.
  95. ^ House Staff Member Cleared in Inquiry on Leak of Iraq Intelligence Estimate Archived December 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 22, 2006
  96. ^ Jonathan Turley to Advise NSA Whistle-blower Archived May 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Legal Times and The National Law Journal, October 10, 2008
  97. ^ Elizabeth Morgan Act and Legislating Family Values Archived February 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine November 20, 2007
  98. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress - 2nd Session". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  99. ^ Michael A. Memoli (December 9, 2010). "Senate convicts Louisiana federal judge in impeachment trial". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2019. The Senate also voted to bar him from ever holding public office in the future... The vote on the first count was unanimous, 96-0. On subsequent counts, the votes were 69-27, 88-8, and 90-6. Impeachment required a vote of two-thirds of the Senate.
  100. ^ Dr. Al-Arian's Lawyers in Virginia Archived November 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Free Sami Al-Arian website
  101. ^ "Muslim cleric, given life sentence for promoting religious combat, released pending appeal". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  102. ^ Lawyer views high court appeal of Area 51 lawsuit a longshot Archived August 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Las Vegas Sun, August 7, 1998
  103. ^ At last, a glimpse of Area 51 Archived October 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Las Vegas Sun, April 18, 2000
  104. ^ Pershing Park lawyers fees top $2M Archived June 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, March 4, 2011
  105. ^ Some Flats data public Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Denver Post, May 6, 2008
  106. ^ "Jonathan Turley testimony". The Hill. December 4, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  107. ^ Johnson, Robert. "10 Congressmen And A Law Professor Just Sued To Stop The War In Libya". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  108. ^ "Happy New Year's Eve!!!". Jonathan Turley. December 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  109. ^ "Luxury Homes: November 2007 | Washingtonian (DC)". Washingtonian. November 1, 2007. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  110. ^ "Legal scholar Jonathan Turley becomes latest 'swatting' victim". The New York Post. December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
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