Koryo-mar (Korean: 고려말; Russian: Корё мар) is a dialect of Korean spoken by Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans who live in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is descended from the Hamgyŏng dialect and multiple other varieties of Northeastern Korean.[1] Koryo-mar is often reported as difficult to understand by speakers of standard Korean; this may be compounded by the fact that the majority of Koryo-saram today use Russian and not Korean as their first language.[2]
| Koryo-mar | |
|---|---|
| 고려말 | |
| Pronunciation | [ko.ɾjo.maɾ] |
| Native to | Uzbekistan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan |
| Ethnicity | Korean |
Native speakers | (220,000 cited 1989)[citation needed] current number of speakers is unknown |
| Hangul | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | ko-143 |
| Koryo-mar | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Korean name | |||||||
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 고려말 | ||||||
| Hancha | 高麗말 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Russian name | |||||||
| Russian | Корё мар | ||||||
| Romanization | Koryo mar | ||||||
According to German Kim, Koryo-mar is not widely used in the media and is not taught in schools. Thus it can be classified as endangered.[3]
Names
editIn the speech of Koryo-saram, the language is referred to as Koryo-mar (고려말 / корё мар), with several alternative pronunciations, including Kore-mar (коре мар) and Kore-mari (коре мари).
In South Korea, the dialect is referred to as Goryeomal (고려말) or Central Asian Korean (중앙아시아한국어).
In Russia and other former Soviet states, the language is referred to as Koryo-mar (корё мар) or Koryo-mal' (корё маль), of which the former reflects the spoken form while the latter reflects the literary form of Korean.
Orthography
editSpeakers do not generally use Koryo-mar as a literary language. Written Korean during the Soviet period tended to follow the North Korean standard language, while both Northern and Southern forms have occurred[clarification needed] after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, some modern writers, most notably Lavrenti Son, have created plays and short stories in Koryo-mar using Hangul.[4]
A movement for the romanization of Koryo-mar took place in the late 1930s, promoted by various government officials and linguists, but it did not have much success.[5]
Phonology
editCharacteristics of Koryo-mar distinct from that of Standard Korean include the following phonological differences:[6]
- ㄹ is [ɾ] or [r] in all positions except when geminate, where it is pronounced the same as standard Korean
- frequent loss of ㄹ before coronal consonants
- A pitch accent system that distinguishes minimal pairs; it has two tones, high and low
- the retention of MK initial n before [i] and [j]
- ㄱ is [t͡ɕ] before ㅣ
- ㄴ and ㅇ at the end of a word are simplified to 이
- ㅏ, ㅔ are pronounced as ㅑ; and ㅗ is pronounced as ㅔ
- ㅗ, ㅡ are simplified to ㅜ; and ㅣ is interchangeable with ㅡ
- [w] is pronounced as [v] due to Russian influence
- ㅈ is pronounced as ㄷ
- ㄱ is pronounced as ㅂ in the middle of a word
Pedagogy
editKoryo-mar is not taught as a subject or used as the medium of instruction in any schools. Furthermore, due to the encouragement of younger generations to learn Russian the decline of Koryo-mar usage in families has also accelerated, with most Koryo-saram (with the exception of the elderly) using Koryo-mar words only when talking about food (especially Koryo-saram cuisine) or possibly certain household items. The Korean language as taught in universities of the post-Soviet states is Standard Korean, with instructors being native to or trained. In one instance, a South Korean professor tried to teach Koryo-mar at Almaty State University, but he did not achieve much success.[7]
However, despite the stark decline in the use of Koryo-mar, certain words, especially regarding food and household items, as well as familial titles to a certain extent have continued to be passed down to varying degrees to younger generations of Koryo-saram through exposure by older generations.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Kwak, Chung-gu (2007). "Data and Ressarches for Korean dialect in Central Asia" (PDF). Journal of Humanities (in Korean). 58: 231–272. hdl:10371/29722. ISSN 1598-3021 – via Institute of Humanities, Seoul National University.
- ^ Khan, Valeriy Sergeevich. "Koreans and the Poly-ethnic Environment in Central Asia: The Experience of Eurasianism". Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ^ Kim, German (2009). "Education and Diasporic Language: The Case of Koreans in Kazakhstan" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 27. The Slavic-Eurasian Research Center: 103–123. hdl:2115/39584. ISSN 0288-3503.
- ^ Kim, Phil. "Forced Deportation and Literary Imagination". Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on 2005-07-29. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ^ Kim, German. "The History, Culture, and Language of Koryo Saram" (PDF). Seoul: Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies. hdl:10371/63513. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
- ^ Tranter, Nicolas (25 June 2012). Tranter, Nicolas (ed.). The Languages of Japan and Korea. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203124741. ISBN 978-1-136-44658-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Kim, German. "Korean Diaspora in Kazakhstan: Question of Topical Problems for Minorities in Post-Soviet Space" (PDF). Almaty: Institute of Oriental Studies, National Academy of Sciences.
Further reading
edit- Reckel, Johannes; Schatz, Merle, eds. (2020), Korean Diaspora – Central Asia, Siberia and Beyond, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, doi:10.17875/gup2020-1307, ISBN 978-3-86395-451-2.