Lamivudine, commonly called 3TC, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.[1] It is also used to treat chronic hepatitis B when other options are not possible.[1] It is effective against both HIV-1 and HIV-2.[1] It is typically used in combination with other antiretrovirals such as zidovudine, dolutegravir, and abacavir.[1] Lamivudine may be included as part of post-exposure prevention in those who have been potentially exposed to HIV.[1] Lamivudine is taken by mouth as a liquid or tablet.[1]
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| Trade names | Epivir, Epivir-HBV, Zeffix, others[1] |
| Other names | (−)-L-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a696011 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 86% |
| Protein binding | Less than 36% |
| Elimination half-life | 5 to 7 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney (circa 70%) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.132.250 |
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| Formula | C8H11N3O3S |
| Molar mass | 229.25 g·mol−1 |
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Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, headaches, feeling tired, and cough.[1] Serious side effects include liver disease, lactic acidosis, and worsening hepatitis B among those already infected.[1] It is safe for people over three months of age and can be used during pregnancy.[1] The medication can be taken with or without food.[1] Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and works by blocking the HIV reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus polymerase.[1]
Lamivudine was patented in 1995 and approved for use in the United States in 1995.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] It is available as a generic medication.[1]
Medical uses
editLamivudine (Epivir) is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV‑1 infection.[4][6] Lamivudine (Epivir HBV) is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection associated with evidence of hepatitis B viral replication and active liver inflammation.[5][7]
Lamivudine has been used for treatment of chronic hepatitis B at a lower dose than for treatment of HIV/AIDS. It improves the seroconversion of e-antigen positive hepatitis B and also improves histology staging of the liver. Long-term use of lamivudine leads to emergence of a resistant hepatitis B virus (YMDD) mutant.[11] Despite this, lamivudine is still used widely as it is well tolerated.[12]
Resistance
editIn HIV, high level resistance is associated with the M184V/I mutation in the reverse transcriptase gene as reported by Raymond Schinazi's group at Emory University. GlaxoSmithKline claimed that the M184V mutation reduces "viral fitness", because of the finding that continued lamivudine treatment causes the HIV viral load to rebound but at a much lower level, and that withdrawal of lamivudine results in a higher viral load rebound with rapid loss of the M184V mutation; GSK therefore argued that there may be benefit in continuing lamivudine treatment even in the presence of high level resistance, because the resistant virus is "less fit". The COLATE study has suggested that there is no benefit to continuing lamivudine treatment in patients with lamivudine resistance.[13] A better explanation of the data is that lamivudine continues to have a partial anti-viral effect even in the presence of the M184V mutation.[original research?]
In hepatitis B, lamivudine resistance was first described in the YMDD (tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate) locus of the HBV reverse transcriptase gene. The HBV reverse transcriptase gene is 344 amino acids long and occupies codons 349 to 692 on the viral genome. The most commonly encountered resistance mutations are M204V/I/S.[14] The change in amino acid sequence from YMDD to YIDD results in a 3.2 fold reduction in the error rate of the reverse transcriptase, which correlates with a significant growth disadvantage of the virus. Other resistance mutations are L80V/I, V173L and L180M.[15]
Side effects
edit- Minor side effects may include nausea, fatigue, headaches, diarrhea, cough and nasal congestion.
- Do not prescribe lamivudine/zidovudine, abacavir/lamivudine, or abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine to patients taking emtricitabine.
- Long-term use of lamivudine can trigger a resistant hepatitis B virus (YMDD) mutant.
- HIV or HBV-infected women on lamivudine are warned to discontinue breastfeeding as this puts the baby at risk for HIV transmission and medication side effects.
- Patients who are infected with HIV and HCV and are on both interferon and lamivudine can experience liver damage.
- The drug can trigger an inflammatory response to opportunistic infections (e.g., Mycobacterium avium complex [MAC], M. tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus [CMV], Pneumocystis jirovecii [formerly P. carinii).
- Autoimmune disorders have been reported and symptoms can occur many months after initiation of the antiretroviral therapy.
- Use with caution for patients with impaired renal function and do not prescribe this treatment to patients with impaired liver function.
Mechanism of action
editLamivudine is an analogue of cytidine. It can inhibit both types (1 and 2) of HIV reverse transcriptase and also the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus. It is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. The lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated.[medical citation needed]
Lamivudine is administered by mouth, and it is rapidly absorbed with a bio-availability of over 80%. Some research suggests that lamivudine can cross the blood–brain barrier. Lamivudine is often given in combination with zidovudine, with which it is highly synergistic. Lamivudine treatment has been shown to restore zidovudine sensitivity of previously resistant HIV. Lamivudine showed no evidence of carcinogenicity or mutagenicity in in vivo studies in mice and rats at doses from 10 to 58 times those used in humans.[4]
It has a half-life of 5–7 hours in adults and 2 hours in children.[medical citation needed]
History
editRacemic BCH-189 (the minus form is known as lamivudine) was invented by Bernard Belleau while at work at McGill University and Paul Nguyen-Ba at the Montreal-based IAF BioChem International, Inc. laboratories in 1988 and the minus enantiomer isolated in 1989. Samples were first sent to Yung-Chi Cheng of Yale University for study of its toxicity.[16] When used in combination with AZT, he discovered that lamivudine's negative form reduced side effects and increased the drug's efficiency at inhibiting reverse transcriptase.[17] The combination of lamivudine and AZT increased the efficiency at inhibiting an enzyme HIV uses to reproduce its genetic material. As a result, lamivudine was identified as a less toxic agent to mitochondria DNA than other retroviral drugs.[18][19]
Lamivudine was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 1995, for use with zidovudine (AZT) and again in 2002. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10]
Formulations
edit- Epivir tablets (GlaxoSmithKline; US and UK) for the treatment of HIV
- Epivir-HBV tablets (GlaxoSmithKline; US only) for the treatment of hepatitis B
- Zeffix tablets (GlaxoSmithKline; UK only) for the treatment of hepatitis B
- 3TC tablets (GlaxoSmithKline; South Africa) for the treatment of HIV
- 3TC-HBV tablets (GlaxoSmithKline; Indonesia) for the treatment of hepatitis B
- Lamivudine is available in fixed-dose combinations with other HIV drugs such as:
- Lamivudine/zidovudine (with zidovudine)
- Abacavir/lamivudine (with abacavir)
- Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (with zidovudine and abacavir)
- Dolutegravir/lamivudine (with dolutegravir)
- Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir (with doravirine)
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Lamivudine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "3TC (lamivudine, Epivir)". Catie. 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ a b c "Epivir- lamivudine tablet, film coated Epivir- lamivudine solution". DailyMed. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Epivir HBV- lamivudine tablet, film coated Epivir HBV- lamivudine solution". DailyMed. 17 August 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Epivir EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Zeffix EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ Therapy of Viral Infections Volume 15 of Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. Springer. 2015. p. 6. ISBN 9783662467596. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016.
- ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 506. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ a b World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ Cane PA, Mutimer D, Ratcliffe D, Cook P, Beards G, Elias E, Pillay D (1999). "Analysis of hepatitis B virus quasispecies changes during emergence and reversion of lamivudine resistance in liver transplantation". Antiviral Therapy. 4 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1177/135965359900400101. PMID 10682123. S2CID 35040816.
- ^ Kasırga E (April 2015). "Lamivudine resistance in children with chronic hepatitis B". World Journal of Hepatology. 7 (6): 896–902. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.896. PMC 4411531. PMID 25937866.
- ^ Fox Z, Dragsted UB, Gerstoft J, Phillips AN, Kjaer J, Mathiesen L, et al. (2006). "A randomized trial to evaluate continuation versus discontinuation of lamivudine in individuals failing a lamivudine-containing regimen: the COLATE trial". Antiviral Therapy. 11 (6): 761–770. doi:10.1177/135965350601100608. PMID 17310820. S2CID 25783477.
- ^ "Index". Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010. Stanford University Drug Resistance Database.
- ^ Koziel MJ, Peters MG (April 2007). "Viral hepatitis in HIV infection". The New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (14): 1445–1454. doi:10.1056/NEJMra065142. PMC 4144044. PMID 17409326.
- ^ "Hunting Down HIV".
- ^ "US Patent Office" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2016.
- ^ Soderstrom J (2003). "National Institutes of Health: Moving Research from the Bench to the Bedside". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ Gilden D (2000). "The Wide-Ranging Effects of Nucleoside Analogs:A Look at Mitochondrial Toxicity". Archived from the original on 16 September 2016.
