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Lapiths

This article is about the mythical tribe. For the eponymous hero, see Lapithes (hero).

The Lapiths (/ˈlæpɪθs/; Ancient Greek: Λαπίθαι, Lapithai, sing. Λαπίθης) were a group of legendary people in Greek mythology, who lived in Thessaly in the valley of the Pineios[1] and on the mountain Pelion. They were believed to have descended from the mythical Lapithes, brother of Centaurus, with the two heroes giving their names to the races of the Lapiths and the Centaurs respectively. The Lapiths are best known for their involvement in the Centauromachy (Ancient Greek: Κενταυρομαχία, romanized: Kentauromachía), a mythical fight that broke out between them and the Centaurs during Pirithous and Hippodamia's wedding.

Metope from the Elgin Marbles depicting a Centaur and a Lapith fighting.

Mythology

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Origin

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The Lapiths were an Aeolian tribe who, like the Myrmidons, were natives of Thessaly. The genealogies make them a kindred people with the centaurs: In one version, Lapithes (Λαπίθης) and Centaurus (Κένταυρος) were said to be twin sons of the god Apollo and the nymph Stilbe, daughter of the river god Peneus. Lapithes was a valiant warrior, but Centaurus was a deformed being who later mated with mares from whom the race of half-man, half-horse centaurs came. Lapithes was the eponymous ancestor of the Lapith people,[2][3] and his descendants include Lapith warriors and kings, such as Ixion, Pirithous, Caeneus, and Coronus, and the seers Ampycus and his son Mopsus.

In the Iliad the Lapiths send forty crewed ships to join the Greek fleet in the Trojan War, commanded by Polypoetes (son of Pirithous) and Leonteus (son of Coronus, son of Caeneus). The mother of Pirithous, the Lapith king in the generation before the Trojan War, was Dia, daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus; Ixion was the father of Pirithous, but like many heroic figures, Pirithous had an immortal as well as a mortal father.[a] Zeus was his immortal father, but the god had to assume a stallion's form to cover Dia for, like their half-horse cousins, the Lapiths were horsemen in the grasslands of Thessaly, famous for its horses.[5] The Lapiths were credited with inventing the bridle's bit. The Lapith King Pirithous was marrying the horsewoman Hippodameia, whose name means "tamer of horses", at the wedding feast that made a war, the Centauromachy, famous.

Centauromachy

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A centauromachy relief on an ancient Roman sarcophagus, c. 150 AD, Museo Archeologico Ostiense.[6]

In the Centauromachy, the Lapiths battle with the Centaurs at the wedding feast of Pirithous. The Centaurs had been invited, but, unused to wine, their wild nature came to the fore. When the bride, Hippodamia, was presented to greet the guests, the centaur Eurytion leapt up and attempted to abduct her. All the other centaurs were up in a moment, straddling women and boys. In the battle that ensued, Theseus came to the Lapiths' aid. They cut off Eurytion's ears and nose and threw him out. After the battle the defeated Centaurs were expelled from Thessaly to the northwest.

The Lapith Caeneus was originally a young woman named Caenis and the favorite of Poseidon, who changed her into a man at her request, and made Caeneus into an invulnerable warrior. Such warrior women, indistinguishable from men, were familiar among the Scythian horsemen too. In the battle with the centaurs Caeneus proved invulnerable, until the Centaurs crushed him with rocks and trunks of trees. He disappeared into the depths of the earth unharmed and was released as a sandy-headed bird.

In later contests, the Centaurs were not so easily beaten. Mythic references explained the presence into historic times of primitive Lapiths in Malea and in the brigand stronghold of Pholoe in Elis as remnants of groups driven there by the centaurs. Some historic Greek cities bore names connected with Lapiths, and the Kypselides of Corinth claimed descent from Cæneus, while the Phylaides of Attica claimed for progenitor Koronus the Lapith.

In art

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Battle of Centaurs and Lapiths, by Piero di Cosimo (notice the female centaur with a male centaur in the foreground).

As Greek myth became more mediated through philosophy, the battle between Lapiths and Centaurs took on aspects of the interior struggle between civilized and wild behavior, made concrete in the Lapiths' understanding of the right usage of God-given wine, which must be tempered with water and drunk not to excess. The Greek sculptors of the school of Pheidias conceived of the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs as a struggle between mankind and mischievous monsters, and symbolical of the great conflict between the civilized Greeks and "barbarians". Battles between Lapiths and Centaurs were depicted in the sculptured metopes on the Parthenon, recalling Athenian Theseus' treaty of mutual admiration with Pirithous the Lapith, leader of the Magnetes, and on Zeus' temple at Olympia[7] The Battle of the Lapiths and centaurs was a familiar symposium theme for the vase-painters.

A sonnet vividly evoking the battle by the French poet José María de Heredia (1842–1905) was included in his volume Les Trophées.[b] In the Renaissance, the battle became a favorite theme for artists: An excuse to display close-packed bodies in violent confrontation. The young Michelangelo executed a marble bas-relief of the subject in Florence about 1492.[9] Piero di Cosimo's panel Battle of Centaurs and Lapiths, now at the National Gallery, London,[10] was painted during the following decade. If it was originally part of a marriage chest, or cassone, it was perhaps an uneasy subject for a festive wedding commemoration. A frieze with a Centauromachy was also painted by Luca Signorelli in his Virgin Enthroned with Saints (1491), inspired by a Roman sarcophagus found at Cortona, in Tuscany, during the early 15th century.

List of Lapiths

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Lapiths
Names Sources Centauromachy Notes
Hesiod Ovid Others Participant Killed by
Actor ✓ [11] ✓ Centaur Clanis
Ampyx ✓ ✓
Caeneus ✓ ✓ ✓ buried alive by centaurs, or killed himself was formerly a woman called Caenis
Broteas ✓ ✓ Centaur Gryneus
Celadon ✓ ✓ Centaur Amycus
Charaxus ✓ ✓ Rhoetus
Cometes ✓ ✓ Charaxus, his friend, accidentally
Corythus ✓ ✓ Centaur Rhoetus
Cymelus ✓ ✓ Centaur Nessus
Dryas ✓ ✓ son of Ares or Iapetus[12]
Euagrus ✓ ✓ Centaur Rhoetus
Exadius ✓ ✓ ✓
Halesus ✓ ✓ Centaur Latreus
Hopleus ✓ ✓
Macareus ✓ ✓
Mopsus ✓ ✓ [13] ✓ son of Ampycus and a seer
Orius ✓ ✓ Centaur Gryneus son of Mycale
Pelates ✓ ✓ a Lapith from Pella (in Macedonia)
Periphas ✓ [14] ✓
Phalereus ✓ ✓
Phorbas [15][16][17] ✓ son of Triopas or of Lapithus, son of Apollo
Polyphemus son of Eilatus.[18]
Pirithous ✓ ✓
Prolochus ✓ ✓
Tectaphus ✓ ✓ Centaur Phaecomes son of Olenus
Other allies
Crantor ✓ ✓ Centaur Demoleon son of Amyntor
Nestor ✓ ✓
Peleus ✓ ✓
Theseus ✓ ✓ ✓

Footnotes

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  1. ^ For such superfecundation, compare the siring of Theseus or Heracles. Of a supposed Parnassos, founder of Delphi, Pausanias observes, "Like the other heroes, as they are called, he had two fathers; one they say was the god Poseidon, the human father being Cleopompus."[4]
  2. ^ La foule nuptiale au festin s'est ruée, Centaures et guerriers ivres, hardis et beaux; Et la chair héroïque, au reflet des flambeaux, Se mêle au poil ardent des fils de la Nuée. Rires, tumulte ... Un cri ! ... L'Epouse polluée Que presse un noir poitrail, sous la pourpre en lambeaux Se débat, et l'airain sonne au choc des sabots Et la table s'écroule à travers la huée. Alors celui pour qui le plus grand est un nain, Se lève. Sur son crâne, un mufle léonin Se fronce, hérissé de crins d'or. C'est Hercule. Et d'un bout de la salle immense à l'autre bout, Dompté par l'oeil terrible où la colère bout, Le troupeau monstrueux en renâclant recule.[8]

References

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  1. ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica. iv.69.2. Lapithes made his home about the Peneius river
  2. ^ Homer, Iliad xii.128.
  3. ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica. iv. 69; v. 61.
  4. ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece. x.6.1.
  5. ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica. iv.70.
  6. ^ Troso, Cristina (July–September 2007). "La Centauromachia del sarcofago della necropoli di Pianabella-Ostia: Considerazioni sulla iconografia". Latomus. 66 (3): 645–658. JSTOR 41544612.
  7. ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece. v.10.8.
  8. ^ de Heredia, José María. "Centaures et lapithes". Les Trophées. Archived from the original on 2009-03-15. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Michelangelo. The Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs. Art Renewal Center (picture of a bas-relief sculpture). Retrieved 1 December 2012.[dead link‍]
  10. ^ di Cosimo, Piero. Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs. National Gallery, London (image of painting). NG4890. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
  11. ^ Gaius Valerius Flaccus. Argonautica. 1.146.
  12. ^ Hyginus. Fabulae. 45 & 173.
  13. ^ Strabo. Geographica. 9.5.22.
  14. ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica. 4.69.2-3.
  15. ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica. 4.69.3.
  16. ^ Ovid. Metamorphoses. 12.322.
  17. ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece. 5.1.11.
  18. ^ Listed as an Argonaut in Apollonius of Rhodes. The Voyage of Argo.

Sources

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