The Lingones (Gaulish: 'the jumpers') were a Gallic tribe of the Iron Age and Roman periods. They dwelled in the region surrounding the present-day city of Langres, between the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica.[1]
Name
editAttestations
editThey are mentioned as Língōnes (Λίγγωνες) by Polybius (2nd c. BC),[2] Lingones by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Pliny (1st c. AD) and Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD),[3] Díngones (Δίγγονες) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[4] and as Lóngōnes (Λόγγωνες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[5][6]
Etymology
editThe Gaulish ethnonym Lingones literally means 'the jumpers'. It derives from the stem ling- ('to jump'), itself from the Proto-Celtic verbal base *leng- ('to jump'; cf. Old Irish lingid 'he jumps'), extended by the suffix -on-es.[7][8][9] The name could be interpreted as 'good at jumping (on horseback)',[10] or else as 'the dancers'.[8]
The city of Langres, attested ca. 400 AD as civitas Lingonum, is named after the Gallic tribe.[10]
Geography
editThe territory of the Lingones was situated on the border separating Gallia Lugdunensis from Gallia Belgica, between the Senones and the Sequani.[1]
Settlement
editTheir capital Andematunnum (present-day Langres, Haute-Marne) is attested from 43 AD on boundary markers (abbreviated as AND).[11] It was built on a Bajocian limestone promontory, overlooking the Marne valley to the east and north, and the Bonnelle valley to the west. Only the southern part, open to the Langres plateau, did not possess natural defences.[11] Archeological evidence have demonstrated a continuity between the La Tène and Roman periods on the site of Langres, and the city of Andematunnum appears to have been built at the turn of the 1st century BC on a previous Gallic settlement.[12] The Roman-era civitas of the Lingones was located at the crossroad of the modern départments of Aube, Haute-Marne, Côte d’Or and Yonne.[13]
The Cathedral St-Mammes, built in the Burgundian Romanesque style for the ancient diocese that was referred to as Lingonae ("of the Lingones") and rivalled Dijon. Three of its early bishops were martyred by the invasion of the Vandals, about 407.[citation needed]
History
editSome of the Lingones migrated across the Alps and settled near the mouth of the Po River in Cisalpine Gaul of northern Italy around 400 BC. These Lingones were part of a wave of Celtic tribes that included the Boii and Senones (Polybius, Histories ii.17).[non-primary source needed] The Lingones may have helped sack Rome in 390 BC.[citation needed]
The Gaulish Lingones did not participate in the battles of the Gauls against Caesar. They gained Roman citizenship at the end of the first century AD.[1] They were caught up in the Batavian rebellion (69 AD) described by Tacitus.
The strategist Sextus Julius Frontinus, author of the Strategemata, the earliest surviving Roman military textbook, mentions the Lingones among his examples of successful military tactics:
In the war waged under the auspices of the Emperor Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus and begun by Julius Civilis in Gaul, the very wealthy city of the Lingones, which had revolted to Civilis, feared that it would be plundered by the approaching army of Caesar. But when, contrary to expectation, the inhabitants remained unharmed and lost none of their property, they returned to their loyalty, and handed over to me seventy thousand armed men.
In Roman Britain, at least three named cohorts of Lingones, probably subscripted from among the Lingones who had remained in the area of Langres and Dijon are attested in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, from dedicatory inscriptions and stamped tiles. The 1st cohort of Lingones (part-mounted) is attested at Bremenium, the Roman fort at High Rochester in north Northumberland,[14] the 2nd cohort of Lingones is attested at Ilkley Roman Fort by their Prefect,[15] and the fourth cohort built part of Hadrian's Wall near Carlisle.[16]
Religion
editDuring the Roman period, Mars Cicolluis was the main god of the Lingones.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Lafond 2006.
- ^ Polybius. Historíai, 2:17:7.
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 1:25:6, 1:40:11; Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:106; Tacitus. Historiae, 1:53.
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:3:4.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:9:9.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Lingones.
- ^ Lambert 1994, p. 34.
- ^ a b Delamarre 2003, p. 203.
- ^ Matasović 2009, p. 237–238.
- ^ a b Nègre 1990, p. 155.
- ^ a b Joly 2003, p. 211.
- ^ Joly 2003, pp. 213–214.
- ^ Joly et al. 2015, p. 217.
- ^ "RIB 1276. Dedication-slab". Roman Inscriptions of Britain online. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ "RIB 635. Altar dedicated to Verbeia". Roman Inscriptions of Britain online. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ "RIB 2014. Building inscription of the Fourth Cohort of Lingonians". Roman Inscriptions of Britain online. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ Derks 1998, p. 97.
Bibliography
edit- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Derks, Ton (1998). Gods, Temples, and Ritual Practices: The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-254-3.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Joly, Martine (2003). "Les Origines de l'Antique Capitale des Lingons". Revue Archéologique (1): 211–214. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 41017496.
- Joly, Martine; Izri, Stéphane; Maligorne, Yvan; Barral, Philippe; Coquet, Nicolas; Nouvel, Pierre (2015). "Langres/Andemantunum, capitale des Lingons". Gallia. 72 (1): 217–230. doi:10.4000/gallia.1534. ISSN 0016-4119. JSTOR 44744316.
- Lafond, Yves (2006). "Lingones". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e706090.
- Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1994). La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies. Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-089-2.
- Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
- Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.