M202 FLASH

Launcher, Rocket, 66mm, 4-Tube, M202
Launcher, Rocket, 66mm, 4-Tube, M202
Type	Multishot incendiary rocket launcher
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Used by	See Operators
Production history
Designed	c. 1970
Manufacturer	Northrop Corporation, Electro-Mechanical Division
Produced	1978
Variants	M202, M202A1
Specifications
Mass	11.5 lb (5.22 kg) empty; 26.6 lb (12.07 kg) loaded
Length	27 in (686 mm) closed; 34.75 in (883 mm) extended
Cartridge	M235 Incendiary TPA
Caliber	2.6 in (66 mm)
Action	Single shot (each rocket has its own firing pin)
Muzzle velocity	375 ft/s (114 m/s)
Effective firing range	22 yd (20 m) minimum
Maximum firing range	820 yd (750 m) (area _target); 219 yd (200 m) (point _target)
Feed system	4 rocket clip
Sights	Reflex

The M202 FLASH ("Flame Assault Shoulder")^[3] is an American rocket launcher manufactured by Northrop Corporation, designed to replace the World War II–vintage flamethrowers (such as the M1 and the M2) that remained the military's standard incendiary devices well into the 1980s. The XM202 prototype launcher was tested in the Vietnam War, as part of the XM191 system.^[4]

History

The United States Army issued M202s as needed, with each rifle company's headquarters being authorized a single launcher, generally issued as one per rifle platoon. While vastly more lightweight than the M2 flamethrower it replaced, the weapon was still bulky to use and the ammunition suffered from reliability problems. As a result, the weapon had mostly been relegated to storage by the mid-1980s, even though it nominally remains a part of the U.S. Army arsenal.

In USMC service, the M202 was issued to dedicated teams of 0351 Assaultman at the battalion level. The Weapons Platoon's assault section contained three squads, each with a launcher team.^[5] With the introduction of the SMAW in the mid 1980s, the M202 was phased out and replaced by SMAW launchers.

The M202A1 has been among weapons listed on the inventory of U.S. units in the War in Afghanistan.^[6]^{[dead link‍]}

The XM191 MPFW

Design

The M202A1 features four tubes that can load 66 mm incendiary rockets.^[7] The M-74 rockets are equipped with M235 warheads, containing approximately 1.34 pounds (610 g) of an incendiary agent. The substance, often mistaken for napalm ^{[citation needed]}, is in fact TPA (thickened pyrophoric agent).

Opened M202.

TPA is triethylaluminum (TEA) thickened with polyisobutylene, in the presence of n-hexane, preventing spontaneous combustion after the warhead rupture. TEA, an organometallic compound, is pyrophoric and burns spontaneously at temperatures of 1600 °C (2912 °F) when exposed to air. It burns "white hot" because of the aluminum, much hotter than gasoline or napalm. The light and heat emission is very intense and can produce skin burns from some (close) distance without direct contact with the flame, by thermal radiation alone. A crowd control agent round using CS gas, the XM96, was trialed, but never entered service.^{[citation needed]}

Component containing the M-74

The weapon is meant to be fired from the right shoulder, and can be fired from either a standing, crouching, or prone position. It is loaded with a clip which holds a set of four rockets together, which is inserted into the rear of the launcher and can be pushed past the launching position to enable the launcher to be carried while loaded more easily.

Marines prepare to test-fire an M202 in South Vietnam, 1970

The M202A1 was rated as having a 50% chance of hit against the following _targets at the noted ranges, assuming all four rockets were fired at the same time:

Bunker aperture: 50 meters
Window: 125 meters
Weapons position or stationary vehicle: 200 meters
Squad-sized troop formation: 500 meters