Margaret J. "Margie" Profet (born August 7, 1958) is an American evolutionary biologist with no formal biology training who created a decade-long controversy when she published her findings on the role of Darwinian evolution in menstruation,[1] allergies[2] and morning sickness.[3][4] She argued that these three processes had evolved to eliminate pathogens, carcinogens and other toxins from the body.
Margie Profet | |
|---|---|
| Born | August 7, 1958 Berkeley, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Harvard University University of California, Berkeley |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Evolutionary biology |
Career
editA graduate of Harvard University, where she studied political philosophy with Harvey Mansfield and graduated in 1980, and University of California, Berkeley, where in 1985 she received a bachelor's degree in physics, Profet returned to school in 1994, studying mathematics at the University of Washington in Seattle, where she was awarded a "visiting scholar" position in the astronomy department, an allied discipline.[5] Several years later, she returned to Harvard, once again to study math.
When Profet won a MacArthur Fellowship in 1993,[6] international media took notice. New York Times reporter Natalie Angier called Profet's theory that menstruation protected some female mammal's reproductive canals a "radical new view".[7] Scientific American, Time, Omni, and even People Magazine all followed with in-depth profiles of the 35-year-old "maverick" scientific prodigy.[8][9][10][11]
Profet went on to publish two equally controversial bestselling books, 1995's Protecting Your Baby-To-Be: Preventing Birth Defects in the First Trimester and a 1997 follow up, Pregnancy Sickness: Using Your Body's Natural Defenses to Protect Your Baby-To-Be. Supporters—including U.C. Santa Barbara anthropologist Donald Symons and U.C. Berkeley toxicologist Bruce Ames—considered her work a pioneering analysis of evolutionary theory in a never-before-studied, everyday context.
In 2008, Cornell University researchers Paul and Janet Shellman-Sherman found Profet's theory, that allergies are evolved ways to expel toxins and carcinogens—the so-called "toxin" or "prophylaxis hypothesis"—may explain a mysterious observation dating back to 1953 and replicated many times since: People with allergies are at much lower risk for some types of cancers, most notably the brain tumor glioma.[12][13]
While research has for decades supported Profet's prophylaxis hypothesis applied to carcinogens, Stanford University Medical School and Yale University Medical School researchers in 2013 reported similar experimental support applying it to toxins, specifically bee venom.[14] Bee venom induces allergic reactions in some people that can include anaphylactic shock and death. Both studies were published in the journal Immunology.
Yale immunology researchers Noah W. Palm, Ruslan Medzhitov, et al. reported that Phospholipase A2—the major allergen in bee venom -- "is sensed by the innate immune system" and induces an immune response in mice that can protect against potentially fatal venom doses.[15]
Likewise, injecting mice with a small dose of bee venom conferred immunity to a much larger, fatal dose, Stanford researchers Stephen Galli, Thomas Marichal, and Philipp Starkl found. "Our findings support the hypothesis that this kind of venom-specific, IgE-associated, adaptive immune response developed, at least in evolutionary terms, to protect the host against potentially toxic amounts of venom, such as would happen if the animal encountered a whole nest of bees, or in the event of a snakebite," Galli explained.[16][17][18]
The 2011 play The How and the Why by Sarah Treem draws on Profet's work on menstruation.[19]
Disappearance and discovery
editProfet vanished from Cambridge, Massachusetts: according to friends and colleagues, in 2005; according to family members, before 2005. Her whereabouts were unknown for more than seven years until she was found in Boston, Massachusetts, after a long ordeal with poverty and illness. She was reunited with her family in Southern California on May 16, 2012, as a result of nationwide attention from a May 2012 Psychology Today article.[20][21][22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Profet, Margie (September 1993). "Menstruation as a Defense Against Pathogens Transported by Sperm". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 68 (3). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 335–386. doi:10.1086/418170. ISSN 0033-5770. JSTOR 2831191. PMID 8210311. S2CID 23738569.
- ^ Profet, Margie (March 1991). "The Function of Allergy: Immunological Defense Against Toxins". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 66 (1). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 23–62. doi:10.1086/417049. ISSN 0033-5770. JSTOR 2830331. PMID 2052671. S2CID 5648170.
- ^ Profet, Margie (1988). "The Evolution of Pregnancy Sickness as Protection to the Embryo Against Pleistocene Teratogens". Evolutionary Theory. 8: 177–190.
- ^ Profet, Margie (1992). "Chapter 8: Pregnancy Sickness as Adaptation: A Deterrent to Maternal Ingestion of Teratogens". In Barkow, Jerome H.; Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John (eds.). The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford University Press. pp. 327–366. ISBN 978-0-19-506023-2.
- ^ Mcdermott, Terry (31 July 1994). "Darwinian Medicine—It's a War Out There and Margie Profet, a Leading Theorist in a New Science, Thinks the Human Body Does Some Pretty Weird Things to Survive". Seattle Times Newspaper.
- ^ "Fellows List – P". MacArthur Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
- ^ Angier, Natalie (21 September 1993). "Radical New View of Role of Menstruation". The New York Times.
- ^ Holloway, Marguerite (April 1996). "Evolutionary Theories for Everyday Life". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 21 February 1999.
- ^ Bloch, Hannah (4 October 1993). "School Isn't My Kind of Thing". Time.
- ^ Plummer, William (11 October 1993). "A curse no more". People Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 15.
- ^ Rudavsky, Shari (May 1994). "Margie Profet: Co-evolution". Omni (Interview). Archived from the original on 15 March 2008.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Sherman, Paul W.; Holland, Erica; Sherman, Janet Shellman (2008). "Allergies: Their Role in Cancer Prevention". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 83 (4). University of Chicago Press: 339–362. doi:10.1086/592850. ISSN 0033-5770. PMID 19143335. S2CID 42767681.
- ^ Martin, M. (20 February 2012). "Research Reinforces Potential Allergies-Glioma Connection". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 104 (5). Oxford University Press: 353–356. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs153. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 22349202.
- ^ Tsai, Mindy; Starkl, Philipp; Marichal, Thomas; Galli, Stephen J (October 2015). "Testing the 'toxin hypothesis of allergy': mast cells, IgE, and innate and acquired immune responses to venoms". Current Opinion in Immunology. 36: 80–87. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.07.001. PMC 4593748. PMID 26210895.
- ^ Palm, Noah W.; Rosenstein, Rachel K.; Yu, Shuang; Schenten, Dominik D.; Florsheim, Esther; Medzhitov, Ruslan (2013). "Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 Induces a Primary Type 2 Response that Is Dependent on the Receptor ST2 and Confers Protective Immunity". Immunity. 39 (5): 976–985. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.006. PMC 3852615. PMID 24210353.
- ^ Marichal, Thomas; Starkl, Philipp; Reber, Laurent L.; Kalesnikoff, Janet; Oettgen, Hans C.; Tsai, Mindy; Metz, Martin; Galli, Stephen J. (2013). "A Beneficial Role for Immunoglobulin E in Host Defense against Honeybee Venom". Immunity. 39 (5): 963–975. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.005. PMC 4164235. PMID 24210352.
- ^ Sharlach, Molly (24 October 2013). "Bee sting allergy could be a defense response gone haywire, scientists say". Stanford Medicine News Center. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ Foley, James A. (25 October 2013). "Severe Allergies to Bee Stings may be Malfunctioning Evolutionary Response". Nature World News.
- ^ Gold, Sylviane (12 October 2012). "Women on the Verge of an Explanation: A Review of 'The How and the Why,' at Penguin Rep Theater". The New York Times.
- ^ Martin, Mike (1 May 2012). "The Mysterious Case of the Vanishing Genius". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01.
- ^ Martin, Mike (29 May 2012) [2009]. "Margie Profet's Unfinished Symphony". Weekly Scientist. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ Maher, Brendan (31 May 2012). "Missing biologist surfaces, reunites with family". blogs.nature.com.