Merlin (also called neurofibromin 2 or schwannomin) is a cytoskeletal protein. In humans, it is a tumor suppressor protein involved in neurofibromatosis type II.[5][6] Sequence data reveal its similarity to the ERM protein family.
Merlin is an acronym for "Moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-like protein".
Gene
editHuman merlin is coded by the gene NF2 in chromosome 22. Mouse merlin gene is located on chromosome 11[7] and rat merlin gene on chromosome 17. Fruit fly merlin gene (symbol Mer) is located on chromosome 1 and shares 58% similarity to its human homologue. Other merlin-like genes are known from a wide range of animals, and the derivation of merlin is thought to be in early metazoa. Merlin is a member of the ERM family of proteins including ezrin, moesin, and radixin, which are in the protein 4.1 superfamily of proteins. Merlin is also known as schwannomin, a name derived from the most common type of tumor in the NF2 patient phenotype, the schwannoma.
Structure
editVertebrate merlin is a 70 kDa protein. There are 10 known isoforms of human merlin molecule (the full molecule being 595 amino acids in length). The two most common of these are also found in the mouse and are called type 1 and type 2, differing by the absence or presence of exon 16 or 17, respectively). All the known varieties have a conserved N-terminal part, which contains a FERM domain (a domain found in most cytoskeletal-membrane organizing proteins). The FERM domain is followed by an alpha-helical domain and a hydrophilic tail.[8][9] Merlin can dimerize with itself and heterodimerize with other ERM family proteins.
Function
editMerlin is a membrane-cytoskeleton scaffolding protein, i.e. linking actin filaments to cell membrane or membrane glycoproteins.[10] Human merlin is predominantly found in nervous tissue, but also in several other fetal tissues, and is mainly located in adherens junctions.[11] Its tumor suppressor properties are probably associated with contact-mediated growth inhibition. Drosophila merlin is expressed in embryonic hindgut, salivary glands, and imaginal discs, and has apparently a slightly different role than in vertebrates.[12]
The phosphorylation of serine 518 is known to alter the functional state of merlin.[13] The signaling pathway of merlin is proposed to include several salient cell growth controlling molecules, including eIF3c, CD44, protein kinase A, and p21 activated kinases.
Work in Drosophila identified Merlin as an upstream regulator of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway,[14] a function that is conserved in mammals.[15] The Hippo pathway is a well conserved signalling pathway that coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis.[16]
Mutations of the NF2 gene cause a human autosomal dominant disease called neurofibromatosis type 2. It is characterized by the development of tumors of the nervous system, most commonly of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (also called acoustic neuromas). NF2 belongs to the tumor suppressor group of genes.[17]
Interactions
editMerlin (protein) has been shown to interact with:
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000186575 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000009073 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Rouleau GA, Merel P, Lutchman M, Sanson M, Zucman J, Marineau C, Hoang-Xuan K, Demczuk S, Desmaze C, Plougastel B (1993). "Alteration in a new gene encoding a putative membrane-organizing protein causes neuro-fibromatosis type 2". Nature. 363 (6429): 515–21. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..515R. doi:10.1038/363515a0. PMID 8379998. S2CID 24532924.
- ^ Golovnina K, Blinov A, Akhmametyeva EM, Omelyanchuk LV, Chang LS (2005). "Evolution and origin of merlin, the product of the Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumor-suppressor gene". BMC Evol. Biol. 5 (1): 69. Bibcode:2005BMCEE...5...69G. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-69. PMC 1315344. PMID 16324214.
- ^ Haase VH, Trofatter JA, MacCollin M, Tarttelin E, Gusella JF, Ramesh V (1994). "The murine NF2 homologue encodes a highly conserved merlin protein with alternative forms". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (3): 407–11. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.3.407. PMID 8012352.
- ^ Shimizu T, Seto A, Maita N, Hamada K, Tsukita S, Tsukita S, Hakoshima T (2002). "Structural basis for neurofibromatosis type 2. Crystal structure of the merlin FERM domain". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (12): 10332–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109979200. PMID 11756419.
- ^ Ali Khajeh J, Ju JH, Atchiba M (2014). "Molecular conformation of the full-length tumor suppressor NF2/Merlin--a small-angle neutron scattering study". Journal of Molecular Biology. 426 (15): 2755–68. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.011. PMC 4407695. PMID 24882693.
- ^ McClatchey AI, Giovannini M (2005). "Membrane organization and tumorigenesis--the NF2 tumor suppressor, Merlin". Genes Dev. 19 (19): 2265–77. doi:10.1101/gad.1335605. PMID 16204178.
- ^ den Bakker MA, Vissers KJ, Molijn AC, Kros JM, Zwarthoff EC, van der Kwast TH (1999). "Expression of the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene in human tissues". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 47 (11): 1471–80. doi:10.1177/002215549904701113. PMID 10544220.
- ^ LaJeunesse DR, McCartney BM, Fehon RG (1998). "Structural Analysis of Drosophila Merlin Reveals Functional Domains Important for Growth Control and Subcellular Localization". J. Cell Biol. 141 (7): 1589–99. doi:10.1083/jcb.141.7.1589. PMC 2133006. PMID 9647651.
- ^ Alfthan K, Heiska L, Grönholm M, Renkema GH, Carpén O (2004). "Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates merlin at serine 518 independently of p21-activated kinase and promotes merlin-ezrin heterodimerization". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (18): 18559–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313916200. PMID 14981079.
- ^ Hamaratoglu F, Willecke M, Kango-Singh M, et al. (2006). "The tumour-suppressor genes NF2/Merlin and Expanded act through Hippo signalling to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis". Nature Cell Biology. 8 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1038/ncb1339. PMID 16341207. S2CID 15468669.
- ^ Zhang N, Bai H, David KK, Dong J, Zheng Y, Cai J, Giovannini M, Liu P, Anders RA, Pan D (2010). "The Merlin/NF2 tumor suppressor functions through the YAP oncoprotein to regulate tissue homeostasis in mammals". Developmental Cell. 19 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.015. PMC 2925178. PMID 20643348.
- ^ Pan D (October 2010). "The hippo signaling pathway in development and cancer". Developmental Cell. 19 (4): 491–505. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2010.09.011. PMC 3124840. PMID 20951342.
- ^ Scoles DR, Yong WH, Qin Y, Wawrowsky K, Pulst SM (2006). "Schwannomin inhibits tumorigenesis through direct interaction with the eukaryotic initiation factor subunit c (eIF3c)". Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 (7): 1059–70. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl021. PMID 16497727.
- ^ a b c d Huang J, Chen J (July 2008). "VprBP _targets Merlin to the Roc1-Cul4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex for degradation". Oncogene. 27 (29): 4056–64. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.44. PMID 18332868. S2CID 23628888.
- ^ Grönholm M, Sainio M, Zhao F, Heiska L, Vaheri A, Carpén O (March 1999). "Homotypic and heterotypic interaction of the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein merlin and the ERM protein ezrin". J. Cell Sci. 112 (6): 895–904. doi:10.1242/jcs.112.6.895. PMID 10036239.
- ^ Gutmann DH, Haipek CA, Burke SP, Sun CX, Scoles DR, Pulst SM (April 2001). "The NF2 interactor, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), associates with merlin in the "open" conformation and suppresses cell growth and motility". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (8): 825–34. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.8.825. PMID 11285248.
- ^ Scoles DR, Huynh DP, Chen MS, Burke SP, Gutmann DH, Pulst SM (July 2000). "The neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein interacts with hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate". Hum. Mol. Genet. 9 (11): 1567–74. doi:10.1093/hmg/9.11.1567. PMID 10861283.
- ^ Wiederhold T, Lee MF, James M, Neujahr R, Smith N, Murthy A, Hartwig J, Gusella JF, Ramesh V (November 2004). "Magicin, a novel cytoskeletal protein associates with the NF2 tumor suppressor merlin and Grb2". Oncogene. 23 (54): 8815–25. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208110. PMID 15467741.
- ^ Jannatipour M, Dion P, Khan S, Jindal H, Fan X, Laganière J, Chishti AH, Rouleau GA (August 2001). "Schwannomin isoform-1 interacts with syntenin via PDZ domains". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (35): 33093–100. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105792200. PMID 11432873.
- ^ Neill GW, Crompton MR (September 2001). "Binding of the merlin-I product of the neurofibromatosis type 2 tumour suppressor gene to a novel site in beta-fodrin is regulated by association between merlin domains". Biochem. J. 358 (Pt 3): 727–35. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3580727. PMC 1222106. PMID 11535133.