The Middle Saxons or Middel Seaxe[citation needed] were a people whose territory later became, with somewhat contracted boundaries, the county of Middlesex, England.
The first known mention of Middlesex stems from a royal charter of 704 between king Swæfred of Essex, the abdicating king Æthelred of Mercia and succeeding king Coenred of Mercia, granting some land to bishop Walhere in Tuican hom (Twickenham) in the provincia called Middleseaxan.[1][2][3]
It likely included the early London settlement, Lundenwic,[citation needed] and probably Surrey,[citation needed] the "south region" of the Middle Saxon territory. There is also some evidence that may suggest Middle Saxon settlement in western Kent.
The name reflects the situation of these people being in the middle between the South Saxons, the East Saxons and the West Saxons, and distinguishing them from the Angles in the north. Unlike these neighbours, the Middle Saxons did not manage to create a lasting kingdom of their own. According to G. F. Bosworth (1913), 'there is no evidence that Middlesex was originally a separate kingdom, and we may say with a considerable amount of certainty that it formed part of the kingdom of Essex (...).'[1] However, F.M. Stenton (1971) comments that the Middle Saxon's "original independence is at least probable".[4] The area was part of the Kingdom of Essex[5][better source needed] at the beginning of the 7th century,[6] but was ceded to Mercia in the 9th century (825).[7]
The Middle Saxons were originally pagans, but adopted Christianity around the middle of the 7th century. They spoke their own variant of Old English, but Latin was used in writing.
References
edit- ^ a b Bosworth, G. F. (2012). Middlesex. Cambridge Country Geographies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781107652910. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ "First written mention of 'Tuican hom' in a Charter 704". The Twickenham Museum. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- ^ Stevenson, Bruce (1972). Middlesex. Batsford. p. 13. ISBN 9780713400700.
- ^ Stephenson, Carl (November 1944). "Anglo-Saxon England. By F. M. Stenton. [The Oxford History of England, edited by G. N. Clark.] Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1943. Pp. vii, 748. $7.50". The Journal of Economic History. 4 (2): 216–217. doi:10.1017/S0022050700081407. ISSN 1471-6372. S2CID 154046387.
- ^ Keightley, Thomas, The History of England (1841), p.9.
- ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Essex [aardrijkskunde]". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
- ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandMiddlesex.htm The History Files - Middel Seaxe (Middle Saxons / Middlesex)
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