Wikipedia

Natchez, Mississippi

Natchez (/ˈnætʃɪz/ NATCH-iz) is the only city in and the county seat of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 14,520 at the 2020 census.[3] Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia, Louisiana, Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years, a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade.

Natchez, Mississippi
City
Pearl Street, Natchez
Pearl Street, Natchez
One of the two official flags used by Natchez, this flag is used to represent the city. Source = https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-msntz.html
One of the two official flags used by Natchez, this flag is used to represent the city seal. Source = https://www.natchezdemocrat.com/2020/07/29/natchez-adopts-city-seal-unity-flag-as-a-second-flag/
Flag
Official seal of Natchez, Mississippi
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Bluff City, The Trace City, The River City, Antebellum Capital of the World, Historic Natchez on the Mississippi
Motto: 
"On the Mighty Mississippi"
Location of Natchez in Adams County
Location of Natchez in Adams County
Coordinates: 31°33′16″N 91°23′15″W / 31.55444°N 91.38750°W / 31.55444; -91.38750
CountryUnited States
StateMississippi
CountyAdams
Founded1716 as Fort Rosalie, renamed Fort Panmure in 1763
Louisiana (New France)
Establishedc. 1790 as the capital of the Natchez District
Spanish West Florida
IncorporatedMarch 10, 1803 (221 years ago) (1803-03-10)
Government
 • MayorDan M. Gibson (D)[1]
Area
[2]
 • City
16.41 sq mi (42.49 km2)
 • Land15.81 sq mi (40.96 km2)
 • Water0.59 sq mi (1.53 km2)
Elevation
217 ft (66 m)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • City
14,520
 • Estimate 
(2022)[4]
13,812
 • Density918.12/sq mi (354.48/km2)
 • Urban
25,902
 • Metro
53,611 (US: 200th)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
39120-39122
Area code601
FIPS code28-50440
GNIS feature ID0691586
Websitenatchez.ms.us

Natchez is approximately 90 miles (140 km) southwest of the capital of Jackson and 85 miles (137 km) north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, located on the lower Mississippi River. Natchez is the 28th-largest city in the state. The city was named for the Natchez people, who with their ancestors, inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period.

History

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Main article: History of Natchez, Mississippi

Established by French colonists in 1716, Natchez is one of the oldest and most important European settlements in the lower Mississippi River Valley. After the French lost the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), they ceded Natchez and near territory to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763. (It later traded other territory east of the Mississippi River with Great Britain, which expanded what it called West Florida). The British Crown bestowed land grants in this territory to officers who had served with distinction in the war. These officers came mostly from the colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They established plantations and brought their upper-class style of living to the area.

Beginning 1779, the area was under Spanish colonial rule. After defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain ceded the territory to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783). Spain was not a party to the treaty, and it was their forces who had taken Natchez from British troops. Although Spain had been allied with the American colonists, they were more interested in advancing their power at the expense of Britain. Once the war was over, they were not inclined to give up that which they had acquired by force.

In 1797 Major Andrew Ellicott of the United States marched to the highest ridge in the young town of Natchez, set up camp, and raised the first American Flag claiming Natchez and all former Spanish lands east of the Mississippi above the 31st parallel for the United States.

After the United States acquired this area from the Spanish, the city served as the capital of the Mississippi Territory and then of the state of Mississippi. It predates Jackson by more than a century; the latter replaced Natchez as the capital in 1822, as it was more centrally located in the developing state. The strategic location of Natchez, on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, ensured that it would be a pivotal center of trade, commerce, and the interchange of ethnic Native American, European, and African cultures in the region; it held this position for two centuries after its founding.

In U.S. history, Natchez is recognized particularly for its role in the development of the Old Southwest during the first half of the 19th century. It was the southern terminus of the historic Natchez Trace, with the northern terminus being Nashville, Tennessee. After unloading their cargoes in Natchez or New Orleans, many pilots and crew of flatboats and keelboats traveled by the Trace overland to their homes in the Ohio River Valley. (Given the strong current of the Mississippi River, it was not until steam-powered vessels were developed in the 1820s that travel northward on the river could be accomplished by large boats.) The Natchez Trace also played an important role during the War of 1812. Today the modern Natchez Trace Parkway, which commemorates this route, still has its southern terminus in Natchez.

 
Steamboat Natchez operating out of New Orleans

In the decades preceding the Civil War, Natchez was by far the most prevalent slave trading city in Mississippi, and second in the United States only to New Orleans.[5] The leading markets were located at the Forks of the Road, at the intersection of Liberty Road and Washington Road (now D'Evereux Drive and St. Catherine Street). In 1833, the most active slavers in the United States, John Armfield and Isaac Franklin began a program of arbitraging low slave prices in the Middle Atlantic area by sending thousands of slaves to Deep South markets in Natchez and New Orleans. Their company, Franklin and Armfield sent an annual caravan of slaves, called a coffle, from Virginia to the Forks of the Road in Natchez, as well as sending others by ship through New Orleans. Unlike other slave sellers of the day, Franklin and Armfield sold slaves individually, with the buyers allowed to survey the people much like items in a modern retail store.[6]

In 1840, the city was struck by a devastating tornado that killed 317 people and injured 109. It ranks today as the second-deadliest tornado in U.S. history, although the death toll may be higher due to slave deaths not traditionally being counted in the South at that time.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the city attracted wealthy Southern planters as residents, who built mansions to fit their ambitions. Their plantations were vast tracts of land in the surrounding lowlands along the river fronts of Mississippi and Louisiana, where they grew large commodity crops of cotton and sugarcane using slave labor. Natchez became the principal port from which these crops were exported, both upriver to Northern cities and downriver to New Orleans, where much of the cargo was exported to Europe. Many of the mansions built by planters before 1860 survive and form a major part of the city's architecture and identity. Agriculture remained the primary economic base for the region until well into the twentieth century.

During the American Civil War Natchez was surrendered by Confederate forces without a fight in September 1862. Following the Union victory at the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863, many refugees, including former slaves, freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, began moving into Natchez and the surrounding countryside. The Union Army officers claimed to be short on resources and unable to provide for the refugees. The Army planned to address the situation with a mixture of paid labor for freed slaves on government leased plantations, the enlistment of able-bodied males who were willing to fight in the Union Army and the establishment of refugee camps where former slaves could be provided with education. However, as the war continued, the plan was never effectively implemented and the leased plantations were crowded, poorly managed and frequently raided by Confederate troops who controlled the surrounding territory. Hundreds of people living in Natchez, including many former slaves and refugees, died of hunger, disease, overwork or were killed in the fighting during this period.[7] In order to manage the tens of thousands of freed Black slaves, the Union Army created a refugee camp in Natchez in a natural pit known as the Devil's Punchbowl, where thousands died of starvation, smallpox, and other diseases.[unreliable source?][8][9]

After the American Civil War, the city's economy rapidly revived, mostly due to Natchez having been spared the destruction visited upon many other parts of the South. From 1870 to 1871, Robert H. Wood served as Mayor of Natchez; he was the one of only five African Americans to serve as mayor during the Reconstruction-era, and he was one of the first black mayors in the entire country.[10][11][12] Natchez was also home to politicians Hiram Rhodes Revels and John R. Lynch, both African Americans.

The vitality of the city and region was captured most significantly in the 80 years or so following the war by the photographers Henry C. Norman and his son Earl. The output of the Norman Studio between roughly 1870 and 1950 documents this period in Natchez's development vividly; the photographs are now preserved as the Thomas and Joan Gandy Collection in special collections of the library of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.

During the twentieth century, the city's economy experienced a downturn, first due to the replacement of steamboat traffic on the Mississippi River by railroads in the early 1900s, some of which bypassed the river cities and drew away their commerce. Later in the 20th century, many local industries closed in a restructuring that sharply reduced the number of jobs in the area. Despite its status as a popular destination for heritage tourism because of well-preserved antebellum architecture, Natchez has had a general decline in population since 1960. It remains the principal city of the Natchez micropolitan area.

Geography

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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.9 square miles (36 km2), of which 13.2 square miles (34 km2) are land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) (4.62%) is water.

Climate

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Natchez has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification system.

Climate data for Natchez, Mississippi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 83
(28) 		86
(30) 		92
(33) 		92
(33) 		99
(37) 		103
(39) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		98
(37) 		89
(32) 		89
(32) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 75.1
(23.9) 		78.4
(25.8) 		82.2
(27.9) 		85.9
(29.9) 		89.8
(32.1) 		93.0
(33.9) 		95.7
(35.4) 		96.1
(35.6) 		93.4
(34.1) 		88.7
(31.5) 		81.7
(27.6) 		77.3
(25.2) 		96.8
(36.0)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 56.9
(13.8) 		60.9
(16.1) 		68.0
(20.0) 		75.1
(23.9) 		81.7
(27.6) 		87.3
(30.7) 		89.5
(31.9) 		89.3
(31.8) 		85.5
(29.7) 		76.9
(24.9) 		66.6
(19.2) 		58.9
(14.9) 		74.7
(23.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 46.4
(8.0) 		50.0
(10.0) 		57.3
(14.1) 		63.9
(17.7) 		71.7
(22.1) 		77.9
(25.5) 		80.4
(26.9) 		79.9
(26.6) 		75.1
(23.9) 		65.1
(18.4) 		54.8
(12.7) 		48.4
(9.1) 		64.2
(17.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 35.9
(2.2) 		39.0
(3.9) 		46.5
(8.1) 		52.7
(11.5) 		61.6
(16.4) 		68.5
(20.3) 		71.3
(21.8) 		70.5
(21.4) 		64.7
(18.2) 		53.2
(11.8) 		43.0
(6.1) 		37.9
(3.3) 		53.7
(12.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 20.3
(−6.5) 		24.4
(−4.2) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		36.6
(2.6) 		47.0
(8.3) 		59.5
(15.3) 		65.3
(18.5) 		63.9
(17.7) 		51.5
(10.8) 		36.8
(2.7) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		23.4
(−4.8) 		18.5
(−7.5)
Record low °F (°C) 4
(−16) 		4
(−16) 		18
(−8) 		28
(−2) 		30
(−1) 		49
(9) 		55
(13) 		50
(10) 		40
(4) 		27
(−3) 		18
(−8) 		5
(−15) 		4
(−16)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.23
(158) 		5.54
(141) 		6.03
(153) 		4.90
(124) 		4.69
(119) 		4.48
(114) 		4.47
(114) 		4.87
(124) 		4.14
(105) 		4.04
(103) 		5.08
(129) 		5.66
(144) 		60.13
(1,527)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.3
(0.76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.4 9.9 8.3 9.2 9.9 10.6 10.2 7.2 6.7 7.8 10.3 111.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Source: NOAA[13][14]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18101,511—
18202,18444.5%
18302,78927.7%
18403,61229.5%
18504,43422.8%
18606,61249.1%
18709,05737.0%
18807,058−22.1%
189010,10143.1%
190012,21020.9%
191011,791−3.4%
192012,6086.9%
193013,4226.5%
194015,29614.0%
195022,74048.7%
196023,7914.6%
197019,704−17.2%
198022,01511.7%
199019,535−11.3%
200018,464−5.5%
201015,792−14.5%
202014,520−8.1%
2022 (est.)13,812[4]−4.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[15]
2020 Census[3]

2020 census

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As of the census of 2020, there were 14,520 people, 6,028 households, and 3,149 families residing in the city.

Race and ethnicity

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Natchez racial makeup as of 2020[16]
Race Num. Perc.
Black or African American 8,729 60.12%
White 5,156 35.51%
Native American 16 0.11%
Asian 73 0.5%
Pacific Islander 2 0.01%
Other/Mixed 343 2.36%
Hispanic or Latino 201 1.38%

2000 census

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As of the census of 2000,[17][18] there were 18,464 people, 7,591 households, and 4,858 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,398.3 inhabitants per square mile (539.9/km2). There were 8,479 housing units at an average density of 642.1 per square mile (247.9/km2).

In 2000, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 54.49% African American, 44.18% White, 0.38% Asian, 0.11% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Since then, with the publication of the 2020 census, its racial and ethnic makeup was 60.12% African American, 35.51% non-Hispanic white, 0.11% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.36% other or mixed, and 1.38% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Economy

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Adams County Correctional Center, a private prison operated by the Corrections Corporation of America on behalf of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is in an unincorporated area in Adams County, near Natchez.[19]

Education

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Natchez is home to Alcorn State University's Natchez Campus, which offers the School of Nursing, the School of Business, and graduate business programs. The School of Business offers Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree and other business classes from its Natchez campus. The MBA program attracts students from a wide range of academic disciplines and preparation from the Southwest Mississippi area and beyond offering concentrations in general business, gaming management and hospitality management.[20] Both schools in the Natchez campus provide skills which has enabled community students to have an important impact on the economic opportunities of people in Southwest Mississippi.[21]

Copiah-Lincoln Community College also operates a campus in Natchez.[22] Adams County is in the district of Copiah–Lincoln Community College and has been since 1971.[23]

The city of Natchez and Adams County are in the boundary of one public school system, the Natchez-Adams School District.[24] The district comprises ten schools. They are Susie B. West, Morgantown, Gilmer McLaurin, Joseph F. Frazier, Robert Lewis Magnet School, Natchez Freshman Academy, Natchez Early College@Co-Lin, Central Alternative School, Natchez High School, and Fallin Career and Technology Center.

In Natchez, there are a number of private and parochial schools. Adams County Christian School (ACCS) is also a PK-12 school in the city. Adams County Christian School was founded as a segregation academy[25] and is a member of the Mississippi Association of Independent Schools (MAIS). Cathedral School is also a PK-12 school in the city. It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic St. Mary Basilica. Holy Family Catholic School, founded in 1890, is a PK-3 school affiliated with Holy Family Catholic Church.

Media

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Newspaper

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  • The Natchez Democrat

Radio

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Television

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Natchez is amid the Alexandria, Louisiana and Jackson, Mississippi television markets.

Transportation

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Highways

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U.S. 61 runs north–south, parallel to the Mississippi River, linking Natchez with Port Gibson, Woodville, Mississippi and Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

U.S. 84 runs east–west and bridges the Mississippi, connecting it with Vidalia, Louisiana and Brookhaven, Mississippi.

U.S. 425 runs north from Natchez after crossing the Mississippi, connecting Ferriday with Clayton, at which point U.S. 65 follows the west bank of the Mississippi, connecting to Waterproof north to St. Joseph, Newellton, and Tallulah, Louisiana.

U.S. 98 runs east from Natchez towards Bude and McComb, Mississippi.

Mississippi 555 runs north from the center of Natchez to where it joins Mississippi Highway 554.

Mississippi 554 runs from the north side of the city to where it joins Highway 61, northeast of town.

Rail

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Natchez is served by the Natchez Railway, which interchanges with Canadian National.

Air

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Natchez is served by the Natchez-Adams County Airport, a general aviation facility. The nearest airports with commercial service are Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport, 85 miles (137 km) to the south via US 61 and Alexandria International Airport, 82 miles (132 km) to the west via US 84 to LA-28W.

Notable people

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Various movies have been shot here, including The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974), Crossroads (1986), Raintree County (1957), Horse Soldiers (1959),[33] Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1981),[34] The Ladykillers (2004),[35] Get On Up (2014)[36] and Ma (film) (2019).

In the opening narration of The Apartment (1960), C.C. Baxter mentions the company he works for "has 31,259 employees, which is more than the entire population of Natchez, Mississippi."

Ta-Nehisi Coates' 2019 novel, The Water Dancer, alludes constantly to the threat, in antebellum Virginia, represented to slaves by the possibility of being sold "down Natchez way," that is, into harshest slavery.

Historic sites

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Post-classical thru Early modern periods

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See also: Early modern period

Antebellum period

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See also: History of the Southern United States

Pre-Civil War homes

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Town houses

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Ex-GOP governor hopeful becomes Democratic mayor of Natchez". AP News. July 25, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. November 24, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  5. ^ Hawkins, Scott (February 27, 2020). "Celebrating Black History: Forks of Road tells story of second largest slave market in the South". Natchez Democrat. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  6. ^ Barnett, Jim (February 2003). "The Forks of the Road Slave Market at Natchez". Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  7. ^ Ronald L. F Davis (1999). The Black experience in Natchez, 1720–1880: A special history study, Natchez National Historical Park, Mississippi. Eastern National. pp. 145–160. ISBN 978-1888213379. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  8. ^ "The Devil's Punchbowl (Mississippi), a story". African American Registry. December 11, 1865.
  9. ^ Ottenheimer, Davi (June 2, 2021). "Devil's Punch Bowl in Natchez: Confederate Disaster and Propaganda Campaign". flyingpenguin.
  10. ^ Bernardo, Joseph (December 30, 2008). "Robert Wood (1844-?)". Blackpast.
  11. ^ a b Davis, Jack E. (October 1, 2004). Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930. LSU Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8071-3027-8.
  12. ^ Brunker, Mike (August 16, 2004). "Race, politics and the evolving South". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021.
  13. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  14. ^ "Station: Natchez, MS". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  15. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  16. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  17. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  18. ^ "Censtats" (PDF). Censtats.census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  19. ^ "Adams County Correctional Center Archived August 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." Corrections Corporation of America. Retrieved on June 28, 2016. "20 Hobo Fork Road, Natchez, MS 39120"
  20. ^ "Alcorn State University - School of Business". Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  21. ^ "Home - Alcorn State University". Alcorn.edu. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  22. ^ "Campuses & Maps". Copiah-Lincoln Community College. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  23. ^ "History". Copiah–Lincoln Community College. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  24. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Adams County, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 27, 2024. - Text list
  25. ^ Pittman, Ashton (November 1, 2019). "Nominees Share History of Slavery, Plantations, Seg Academies in Natchez Senate Race". Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963. ISBN 1-299-64851-7.
  27. ^ James Matthew Reonas, Once Proud Princes: Planters and plantation Culture in Louisiana's Northeast Delta, From the First World War Through the Great Depression (PDF). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Ph.D. dissertation, December 2006, pp. 263-264. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  28. ^ "113. Charles C. Cordill". homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  29. ^ A Guide to the Abijah Hunt Papers, 1800-1821, 1880 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The University of Texas at Austin: Briscoe Center for American History
  30. ^ "The Barber of Natchez - Natchez National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. March 16, 2016. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  31. ^ Herndon, G. Melvin (1969). "George Mathews, Frontier Patriot". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 77 (3): 325–326. JSTOR 4247487.
  32. ^ Maude K. Barton (March 14, 1915). "Historic Cemeteries of Natchez". Natchez Democrat. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  33. ^ Barth, Jack (1991). Roadside Hollywood: The Movie Lover's State-By-State Guide to Film Locations, Celebrity Hangouts, Celluloid Tourist Attractions, and More. Contemporary Books. Page 170. ISBN 9780809243266
  34. ^ "Behind the Scenes - Rascals and Robbers - the Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn". Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  35. ^ "Filming for 'The Ladykillers' includes outside scenes on Natchez streets". September 4, 2003.
  36. ^ Shelton, Lindsey (November 16, 2013). "'Get On Up' filming turns back clock on Natchez streets". The Natchez Democrat. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

Further reading

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  • Anderson, Aaron D. Builders of a New South: Merchants, Capital, and the Remaking of Natchez, 1865-1914. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2013.
  • Boler, Jaime Elizabeth. City under Siege: Resistance and Power in Natchez, Mississippi, 1719–1857, PhD. U. of Southern Mississippi, Dissertation Abstracts International 2006 67(3): 1061-A. DA3209667, 393p.
  • Brazy, Martha Jane. An American Planter: Stephen Duncan of Antebellum Natchez and New York, Louisiana State U. Press, 2006. 232 pp.
  • Broussard, Joyce L. "Occupied Natchez, Elite Women, and the Feminization of the Civil War," Journal of Mississippi History, 2008 70(2): 179–207.
  • Broussard, Joyce L. Stepping Lively in Place: The Not-Married, Free Women of Civil War-Era Natchez, Mississippi. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2016.
  • Cox, James L. The Mississippi Almanac. New York: Computer Search & Research, 2001. ISBN 0-9643545-2-7.
  • Davis, Jack E. Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
  • Davis, Ronald L. F. Good and Faithful Labor: from Slavery to Sharecropping in the Natchez District 1860-1890, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.
  • Dittmer, John. Local People: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
  • Dolensky, Suzanne T. "Natchez in 1920: On the Threshold of Modernity." Journal of Mississippi History 72#2 (2011): 95-137 online Archived December 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  • Gandy, Thomas H. and Evelyn. The Mississippi Steamboat Era in Historic Photographs: Natchez to New Orleans, 1870–1920. New York: Dover Publications, 1987.
  • Gower, Herschel. Charles Dahlgren of Natchez: The Civil War and Dynastic Decline Brassey's, 2002. 293 pp.
  • Grant, Richard. The Deepest South of All: True Stories from Natchez, Mississippi. Simon & Schuster, 2020.
  • Inglis, G. Douglas. "Searching for Free People of Color in Colonial Natchez," Southern Quarterly 2006 43(2): 97–112
  • James, Dorris Clayton. Ante-Bellum Natchez (1968), the standard scholarly study
  • Libby, David J. Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835, U. Press of Mississippi, 2004. 163 pp. focus on Natchez
  • Nguyen, Julia Huston. "Useful and Ornamental: Female Education in Antebellum Natchez," Journal of Mississippi History 2005 67(4): 291–309
  • Nolan, Charles E. St. Mary's of Natchez: The History of a Southern Catholic Congregation, 1716–1988 (2 vol 1992)
  • Umoja, Akinyele Omowale. "'We Will Shoot Back': The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement", Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3 (January 2002), pp. 271–294. In JSTOR
  • Way, Frederick. Way's Packet Dictionary, 1848–1994: Passenger Steamboats of the Mississippi River System Since the Advent of Photography in Mid-Continent America. 2nd ed. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1994.
  • Wayne, Michael. The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860–1880 (1983).
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Natchez".
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admin 3
Association 1
COMMUNITY 5
INTERN 2
Note 5