Wikipedia

Olaf Scholz

"Scholz" redirects here. For other uses, see Scholz (disambiguation).

Olaf Scholz (German: [ˈoːlaf ˈʃɔlts] ⓘ; born (1958-06-14)14 June 1958) is a German politician who has been Chancellor of Germany since 2021. A member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), he previously served as vice chancellor in the fourth Merkel cabinet and as Federal Minister of Finance from 2018 to 2021. He was also First Mayor of Hamburg from 2011 to 2018, deputy leader of the SPD from 2009 to 2019, and Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs from 2007 to 2009.

Olaf Scholz
MdB
Scholz in 2024
Chancellor of Germany
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 December 2021
PresidentFrank-Walter Steinmeier
Vice ChancellorRobert Habeck
Preceded byAngela Merkel
Vice Chancellor of Germany
In office
14 March 2018 – 8 December 2021
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Preceded bySigmar Gabriel
Succeeded byRobert Habeck
Minister of Finance
In office
14 March 2018 – 8 December 2021
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Preceded byWolfgang Schäuble
Succeeded byChristian Lindner
First Mayor of Hamburg
In office
7 March 2011 – 13 March 2018
Second MayorDorothee Stapelfeldt
Katharina Fegebank
Preceded byChristoph Ahlhaus
Succeeded byPeter Tschentscher
Early political career 2001–⁠2011
Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic Party in the Bundestag
In office
27 October 2009 – 11 March 2011
Serving with Joachim Poß, Angelica Schwall-Düren, Elke Ferner, Ulrich Kelber, Gernot Erler, Florian Pronold, Dagmar Ziegler, Hubertus Heil, Axel Schäfer
LeaderFrank-Walter Steinmeier
Preceded byLudwig Stiegler
Walter Kolbow
Fritz Rudolf Körper
Klaas Hübner
Christel Humme
Succeeded byChristine Lambrecht
Minister for Labour and Social Affairs
In office
21 November 2007 – 27 October 2009
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Preceded byFranz Müntefering
Succeeded byFranz Josef Jung
Chief Whip of the Social Democratic Party in the Bundestag
In office
13 October 2005 – 21 November 2007
LeaderPeter Struck
Preceded byWilhelm Schmidt
Succeeded byThomas Oppermann
General Secretary of the
Social Democratic Party
In office
20 October 2002 – 21 March 2004
LeaderGerhard Schröder
Preceded byFranz Müntefering
Succeeded byKlaus Uwe Benneter
Senator for the Interior of Hamburg
In office
30 May 2001 – 31 October 2001
First MayorOrtwin Runde
Preceded byHartmuth Wrocklage
Succeeded byRonald Schill
Parliamentary constituencies
Member of the Bundestag
for Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II
Incumbent
Assumed office
26 October 2021
Preceded byManja Schüle (2019)
Member of the Bundesrat
for Hamburg
In office
7 March 2011 – 13 March 2018
Preceded byChristoph Ahlhaus
Succeeded byPeter Tschentscher
Member of the
Hamburg Parliament
In office
2 March 2015 – 2 March 2015
Preceded byHimself (2011)
Electoral listSocial Democratic Party
In office
7 March 2011 – 7 March 2011
Preceded byMulti-member district
Succeeded byAndrea Rugbarth
Electoral listSocial Democratic Party
Member of the Bundestag
for Hamburg-Altona
In office
17 October 2002 – 11 March 2011
Preceded byHimself (2001)
Succeeded byIngo Egloff
In office
26 October 1998 – 6 June 2001
Preceded byMarliese Dobberthien
Succeeded byHimself (2002)
Deputy Member of the Bundesrat
for Hamburg
In office
30 May 2001 – 31 October 2001
Appointed byOrtwin Runde
Preceded byHartmuth Wrocklage
Succeeded byMulti-member district
Personal details
Born (1958-06-14) 14 June 1958 (age 66)
Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, West Germany
Political partySocial Democratic
(since 1975)
Spouse
​
(m. 1998)​
Residence(s)Old Market Square, Potsdam
Alma materUniversity of Hamburg
Signature
Websiteolaf-scholz.spd.de Edit this at Wikidata

Scholz began his career as a lawyer specialising in labour and employment law. He became a member of the SPD in the 1970s and was a member of the Bundestag from 1998 to 2011. Scholz served in the Hamburg Government under First Mayor Ortwin Runde in 2001 and became general secretary of the SPD in 2002, where he served alongside SPD leader and then-chancellor Gerhard Schröder. He became his party's chief whip in the Bundestag, later entering the First Merkel Government in 2007 as Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs. After the SPD moved into the opposition following the 2009 election, Scholz returned to lead the SPD in Hamburg. He was then elected deputy leader of the SPD. He led his party to victory in the 2011 Hamburg state election and became first mayor, a position he held until 2018.

After the Social Democratic Party entered the fourth Merkel government in 2018, Scholz was appointed as both minister of finance and Vice Chancellor of Germany. In 2020, he was nominated as the SPD's candidate for Chancellor of Germany for the 2021 federal election. The party won a plurality of seats in the Bundestag and formed a "traffic light coalition" with Alliance 90/The Greens and the Free Democratic Party. On 8 December 2021, Scholz was elected and sworn in as chancellor by the Bundestag, succeeding Angela Merkel.

As chancellor, Scholz has overseen Germany's response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Despite giving a restrained and timid response compared to many other Western leaders, Scholz oversaw a significant increase in the German defence budget, weapons shipments to Ukraine, and the Nord Stream 2 pipeline was put on hold. Three days after the invasion, Scholz set out the principles of a new German defence policy in his Zeitenwende speech. In September 2022, three of the four Nord Stream pipelines were destroyed. During the Israel–Hamas war, he authorized substantial German military and medical aid to Israel, and denounced the actions of Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups. In November 2023, the Federal Constitutional Court demanded budget cuts totaling €60 billion to ensure the government would not surpass debt limits as set in the constitution;[1] this proved a significant challenge for Scholz's cabinet and contributed to the 2023–2024 protests.[2] On 6 November 2024, his government majority collapsed as he fired Christian Lindner from the post of Federal Minister of Finance and broke up the coalition agreement.

Early life and education

edit

Scholz was born on 14 June 1958, in Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, and grew up in Hamburg's Rahlstedt district.[3] His parents worked in the textile industry.[4] He has two younger brothers, Jens Scholz, an anesthesiologist and CEO of the University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein;[5] and Ingo Scholz, a tech entrepreneur.

Olaf Scholz attended the Bekassinenau elementary school in Oldenfelde, and then switched to the Großlohering elementary school in Großlohe. After graduating from high school in 1977, he began studying law at the University of Hamburg in 1978 as part of a one-stage legal training course.[6] He later found employment as a lawyer specialising in labour and employment law, working at the law firm Zimmermann, Scholz und Partner.[7] Scholz joined the Social Democratic Party at the age of 17.[3]

Scholz's family is traditionally Lutheran, and he was baptized in the Protestant Church in Germany. He holds largely secular political views, and left the Church in adulthood, but has emphasised a need for appreciation of Germany's Christian heritage and culture.[8]

Political career

edit

Early political career

edit

Young socialist, 1975–1989

edit
 
Scholz at the Young Socialists Congress, 1984

Scholz joined the SPD in 1975 as a student, where he came into contact with the Jusos, the youth organization of the SPD. From 1982 to 1988, he was Deputy Federal Chairman of the Jusos. Scholz was also Vice President of the International Union of Socialist Youth from 1987 to 1989. He supported the Freudenberger Kreis, a Marxist wing of the Jusos' university groups, arguing that society should "overcome the capitalist economy" in one of his publications.[9] In it, Scholz criticized the "aggressive-imperialist NATO", the Federal Republic as the "European stronghold of big business" and the social-liberal coalition, which puts the "bare maintenance of power above any form of substantive dispute".[10] Referring to this period in his life, Scholz has later said that he "made almost all possible mistakes at some point".[9]

On 4 January 1984, Scholz and other Juso leaders attended a meeting in East Germany with Egon Krenz, then secretary of the Central Committee of the SED, and Herbert Häber, member of the Politburo of the SED-Central Committee.[11] In 1987, Scholz crossed the inner-German border again and stood up for disarmament agreements as Juso-Vice at an FDJ peace rally in Wittenberg alongside FDJ head Eberhard Aurich.[12]

Member of the Bundestag, 1998–2001

edit

Scholz was elected to his first political office as a Deputy Member of the Bundestag representing the constituency of Hamburg-Altona in 1998, aged 40.[13] During his tenure, Scholz served on the Committee for Labor and Social Matters. In the committee of inquiry into the visa affair of the Bundestag, he was chairman of the SPD parliamentary group.[14] Scholz resigned his mandate on 6 June 2001, to take office as Senator.[clarification needed] Because his seat was an overhang seat, it was not filled until the 2002 German federal election.[citation needed]

Senator for the Interior of Hamburg, 2001

edit

On 30 May 2001, Scholz succeeded Hartmuth Wrocklage to become Senator for the Interior of Hamburg in the Senate led by Mayor Ortwin Runde. Wrocklage had resigned due to allegations of nepotism. He also succeeded Wrocklage as Deputy Member of the Bundesrat.[citation needed]

During his brief time as Senator, Scholz controversially[clarification needed] approved the involuntary use of emetics to gather evidence from suspected drug dealers.[15] The Hamburg Medical Chamber expressed disapproval of this practice due to potential health risks.[16]

Scholz left office in October 2001, after the defeat of his party at the 2001 Hamburg state election and the election of Ole von Beust as First Mayor. His successor was Ronald Schill, who had won on a Law and order platform, with an emphasis on harsh penalties for drug dealers.[17][18]

Federal and state political career

edit

Member of the Bundestag, 2002–2011

edit

Scholz was elected again to the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election. From 2002 to 2004, Scholz also served as General Secretary of the SPD; he resigned from that office when party leader and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, facing disaffection within his own party and hampered by persistently low public approval ratings, announced he would step down as Leader of the Social Democratic Party.[19]

Scholz was one of a series of politicians who sparked debate over the German journalistic norm of allowing interviewees to "authorize" and amend quotes before publication. This came after his press team insisted on extensively editing an interview with Die Tageszeitung in 2003.[20][21] Die Tageszeitung editor Bascha Mika condemned the norm as a "betrayal of the claim to a free press", and the newspaper ultimately published the interview with Scholz's answers blacked out.[22][23]

Scholz served as the SPD spokesperson on the inquiry committee investigating the 2005 German Visa Affair. Following the federal election later that year, he served as First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD Bundestag Group. He also became Chief Whip of the Social Democratic Party. In this capacity, he worked closely with the CDU Chief Whip Norbert Röttgen to manage and defend the grand coalition led by Chancellor Angela Merkel in the Bundestag.[24] Scholz also served as a member of the Parliamentary Oversight Panel, which provides parliamentary oversight of the German federal intelligence services; the BND, MAD and BfV.[25]

Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, 2007–2009

edit

In 2007, Scholz was appointed to serve as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs in the first Merkel Government, succeeding Franz Müntefering.[26][27]

Following the 2009 federal election, when the SPD left the Government, Scholz was elected as Deputy Leader of the SPD, replacing Frank-Walter Steinmeier. [citation needed] Between 2009 and 2011, he was also a member of the SPD group's Afghanistan/Pakistan Task Force.[28] In 2010, he participated in the annual Bilderberg Meeting in Sitges, Spain.[29]

First Mayor of Hamburg, 2011–2018

edit
 
Scholz in March 2011, on the government benches in the Hamburg Parliament, shortly after his election as First Mayor

In 2011, Scholz was the lead SPD candidate at the Hamburg state election, which the SPD won with 48.3% of the votes, taking 62 of 121 seats in the Hamburg Parliament.[30] Scholz resigned as a Member of the Bundestag on 11 March 2011, days after his formal election as First Mayor of Hamburg; Dorothee Stapelfeldt, also a Social Democrat, was appointed his Deputy First Mayor.[31][32][33]

In his capacity as First Mayor, Scholz represented Hamburg and Germany internationally. On 7 June 2011, Scholz attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House.[34] As host of Hamburg's annual St. Matthias' Day banquet for the city's civic and business leaders, he brought several notable guests of honour to the city, including Jean-Marc Ayrault, Prime Minister of France, in 2013; David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in 2016; and Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, in 2017.[35] From 2015 until 2018, Scholz also served as Commissioner of the Federal Republic of Germany for Cultural Affairs under the Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation.[36]

 
Scholz and the spouses of the heads of state and government at the G20 in Hamburg, 2017

In 2013, Scholz opposed a public initiative aiming at a complete buyback of energy grids that the city of Hamburg had sold to utilities Vattenfall Europe AG and E.ON decades before; he argued this would overburden the city, whose debt stood at more than €20B at the time.[37]

Scholz was asked to participate in exploratory talks between the CDU, CSU and SPD parties to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal election.[38] In the subsequent negotiations, he led the SPD delegation in the financial policy working group; his co-chair from the CDU/CSU was Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble.[39] Alongside fellow Social Democrats Jörg Asmussen and Thomas Oppermann, Scholz was reported in the media to be a possible successor to Schäuble in the post of Finance Minister at the time; whilst Schäuble remained in post, the talks to form a coalition were ultimately successful.[40]

In a paper compiled in late 2014, Scholz and Schäuble proposed redirecting revenue from the solidarity surcharge on income and corporate tax (Solidaritätszuschlag) to subsidize the federal states' interest payments.[41]

Under Scholz's leadership, the Social Democrats won the 2015 state election in Hamburg, receiving around 47% of the vote.[42] He formed a coalition government with the Green Party, with Green leader Katharina Fegebank being appointed to serve as Deputy First Mayor.[43][44]

 
Scholz speaking at the Global Citizen Festival 2017 in Hamburg

In 2015, Scholz led Hamburg's bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics with an estimated budget of €11.2B (US$12.6B), competing against Los Angeles, Paris, Rome, and Budapest. In a referendum, the citizens of Hamburg later rejected the city's candidacy, with more than half voting against the project.[45][46] Later that year, Scholz – alongside Minister-President Torsten Albig of Schleswig-Holstein – negotiated a debt-restructuring deal with the European Commission. The deal allowed German regional lender HSH Nordbank to offload €6.2B in problematic assets, primarily underperforming ship loans, onto its government majority owners and avoid being shut down, saving around 2,500 jobs.[47]

In 2017, Scholz was criticised for his handling of riots that took place during the G20 summit in Hamburg.[7]

In late 2021, Scholz was widely criticised for his handling of the CumEx tax fraud at M. M. Warburg & Co. when he was the mayor of Hamburg.[48][49]

Vice Chancellor and Minister of Finance, 2018–2021

edit
 
Scholz (SPD), Angela Merkel (CDU) and Horst Seehofer (CSU) presenting the 2018 coalition agreement for Germany's fourth Merkel cabinet

After a lengthy period of inter-party negotiations following the 2017 federal election, during which the CDU, CSU and SPD agreed to continue in coalition, Scholz was appointed Federal Minister of Finance. Scholz was sworn in alongside the rest of the fourth Merkel cabinet on 14 March 2018, also taking the role of Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel.[50] Within his first months in office, Scholz became one of Germany's most popular politicians, reaching an approval rating of 50%.[51]

In 2019, Scholz ran for leader of the SPD, but lost to Norbert Walter-Borjans.[52]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, Scholz drafted a series of financial rescue packages for the country's economy, including a €130B stimulus package in June 2020. The stimulus package included support for businesses and freelancers as well as a decision to keep factories open. This is often credited as having prevented mass layoffs, and the effects of the COVID-19 financial crisis on the German economy were initially relatively low.[53][54] Scholz also oversaw the allocation of funding received from Next Generation EU, the European Union's €750B COVID-19 recovery fund. 90% of the €28B available to Germany was invested into climate protection and digitization.[55]

At the G7 summit in June 2021, the G7 agreed on a global minimum corporate tax rate of at least 15%, which had been proposed by Scholz.[56][57] Scholz is credited as having convinced President of the US Joe Biden to agree to the proposal, which his predecessor Donald Trump had been opposed to.[58] Also in June 2021, Scholz oversaw the Federal Central Tax Office's purchase of information regarding German citizens using Dubai for tax avoidance and evasion.[59]

Scholz was criticized in the context of the Wirecard scandal; serious misconduct by the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin), which is under the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Finance, is alleged to have contributed to the longevity of the fraudulent business.[60][61] During Scholz's time in office, the Ministry of Finance was one of the subjects of parliamentary inquiry into the scandal, but Scholz has denied any personal responsibility.[62][63] Having vowed to strengthen financial market supervision, he replaced BaFin president Felix Hufeld.[64][65]

Political views in the 2010s

edit

Within the SPD, Scholz is widely viewed as forming part of the moderate wing of the party.[7] Because of his flat enunciation and mechanical-sounding choice of words in press conferences and interviews, Scholz has been nicknamed "the Scholzomat" by some media outlets. In 2013, he said that he found the nickname "very appropriate".[66][67] In January 2019, Scholz stated that he sees China primarily as an economic partner.[68] He tried to persuade Chinese Vice Premier Liu He that China should be more open to German firms,[69] and he supported the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment between the EU and China.[70] In September 2022, he condemned the treatment of ethnic Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang.[71]

In October 2019, Scholz condemned the Turkish invasion of the Kurdish-controlled northeastern areas of Syria, otherwise known as Rojava.[72]

Economic and financial policy

edit
 
Scholz and US Secretary of the Treasury Mnuchin in 2018

Scholz has been campaigning for a financial transaction tax for several years. Experts have criticized parts of this plan, arguing that it would disproportionately affect small shareholders.[73][74][75][76] In December 2019, Scholz pushed for the introduction of this tax at European Union level. According to a draft legislation, share purchases should be taxed when they involve shares in companies with a market capitalization over €1B.[77] Journalist Hermann-Josef Tenhagen criticized this version of the transaction tax on the basis that it would disproportionately affect lower-income individuals.[78] A report by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy commissioned by the Federal Government in 2020 certified the same deficiencies in the tax concept that Tenhagen had already pointed out.[79]

During his tenure as minister of finance, Scholz prioritized not taking on new government debt and limiting public spending.[51] In 2018, he suggested the creation of an EU-wide unemployment insurance system to make the Eurozone more resilient to future economic shocks.[80]

Environment and climate policy

edit

In September 2019, Scholz negotiated the climate package in a key role for the SPD. To this he said: "What we have presented is a great achievement", whereas climate scientists almost unanimously criticized the result as insufficient.[81][82][83][84][85]

In August 2020, Scholz held a phone call with US Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin, discussing a lift of US sanctions on the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, one of 23 gas pipelines between Europe and Russia.[86] In exchange, Scholz offered €1B in subsidies to liquid gas terminals in northern Germany for US liquid gas imports.[87][88][89] The move sparked controversy with regards to the SPD's stance towards renewable energy.[90][91]

The revised Climate Protection Act introduced by Olaf Scholz's cabinet as Mayor of Hamburg provides for a 65% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030, an 88% reduction by 2040 and climate neutrality by 2045.[92]

Scholz has advocated for the expansion of renewable energy capacities to replace fossil fuels.[93] In May 2021, Scholz proposed the establishment of an international climate club, which should serve to develop common minimum standards for climate policy measures and a coordinated approach. In addition, uniform rules for the carbon accounting of goods should apply among members.[94]

As part of the coalition agreement that led to Scholz becoming chancellor, the Social Democrats, Free Democrats, and Green party agreed to accelerate Germany's phaseout of coal to the year 2030, in line with the _target set by the Powering Past Coal Alliance. The country's previous _target had been to end the use of coal by 2038. In addition, the agreement set a phaseout of power generation from natural gas by 2040. The agreement also included provisions for the prohibition on natural gas heating in new buildings and replacement of natural gas systems in existing buildings. An end to the sale of combustion vehicles would come in 2035, in line with the _target set by the European Commission.[95]

Relationship with the United States

edit

In December 2019, Scholz criticized US sanctions on Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany, saying: "Such sanctions are a serious interference in the internal affairs of Germany and Europe and their sovereignty."[96]

Scholz has expressed support for a longstanding agreement that allows American tactical nuclear weapons to be stored and maintained on American bases within Germany.[97][98]

Candidate for party co-leadership, 2019

edit
Main article: 2019 Social Democratic Party of Germany leadership election

In June 2019, Scholz initially ruled out a candidacy for the party co-leadership following the resignation of Andrea Nahles. He explained that a simultaneous activity as Federal Minister of Finance and party leader was "not possible in terms of time".[99][100][101] However, in August, Scholz announced his intention to run for party chairmanship with Klara Geywitz.[102][103] He said that many of his preferred candidates had not run for office, expressing a sense of "responsibility".[104] Of the six candidate duos standing for election, the Geywitz-Scholz due received the most votes in the first round of the membership elections on 26 October 2019, with 22.7%. They qualified for the runoff election with the second-placed team Saskia Esken and Norbert Walter-Borjans, which had received 21.0% of the vote.[105]

On 30 November 2019, it was announced that Esken and Walter-Borjans had received 53.1% of the vote in the runoff election, with Geywitz and Scholz only receiving 45.3%.[106] This was seen as an upset victory for the left-wing of the SPD, including skeptics of the grand coalition with the CDU. Esken and Walter-Borjans were little-known to the public at large, Esken being a backbencher in the Bundestag and Walter-Borjans being the former Minister of Finance of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 to 2017. Scholz on the other hand had the backing of much of the party establishment.[citation needed]

Chancellor candidate, 2021

edit
See also: 2021 German federal election
 
Scholz at an election campaign event

On 10 August 2020, SPD party leadership agreed that it would nominate Scholz to be the party's candidate for Chancellor of Germany at the 2021 federal election.[107] Scholz is usually grouped with the moderate wing of the SPD,[108] and his nomination was seen by Die Tageszeitung as marking a decline of the party's left.[109]

Scholz led the SPD to a narrow victory in the election, with the party receiving 25.8% of the second votes and 206 seats in the Bundestag.[110] Following this victory, Scholz was widely considered to be the most likely next Chancellor of Germany in a traffic light coalition with The Greens and the Free Democratic Party.[111]

On 24 November, the SPD, Green and FDP reached a coalition agreement, naming Scholz as the new German chancellor.[112]

Chancellor of Germany (2021–present)

edit
See also: List of international trips made by Olaf Scholz
 
Scholz and Finnish prime minister Sanna Marin in 2022
 
Scholz meets US President Joe Biden in March 2023

Scholz was elected chancellor by the Bundestag on 8 December 2021, with 395 votes in favour and 303 against.[113] His new government was appointed on the same day by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier.[114] At 63 years, 177 days of age, Scholz is the oldest person to become Chancellor of Germany since Ludwig Erhard, who was 66 years, 255 days old when he assumed office on 17 October 1963.

In December 2021, Scholz travelled to Warsaw for talks with Polish prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki, where they discussed the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, which would bring Russian gas under the Baltic Sea to Germany and bypass Poland, and Poland's dispute with the European Union over the primacy of EU law. Scholz backed Poland's efforts to stop the flow of migrants seeking entry from Belarus.[115]

Scholz extended into 2022 the suspension of the sale of weapons to Saudi Arabia.[116] The decision was made to "no longer approve any export sales to countries as long as they are directly involved" in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[117] In September 2022, Scholz visited the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, seeking to deepen ties with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and find alternative sources of energy.[118] Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman received Scholz in Jeddah.[119] Scholz's government approved new arms export deals to Saudi Arabia, despite a ban imposed as a result of the Saudi war in Yemen and the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[120]

 
Scholz with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in Brasília, Brazil on 30 January 2023

Scholz called the US "Europe's closest and most important partner". Upon assuming the chancellorship in December 2021, he stated he would soon be meeting with President Joe Biden, saying: "It is now clear what binds us together."[98]

On 22 February 2022, Scholz announced that Germany would be halting its approval of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline in response to Russia's recognition of two self-declared separatist republics within Ukraine.[121] Scholz spoke against allowing the EU to cut Russia off from the SWIFT global interbank payment system.[122]

In an emergency meeting of the Bundestag on 27 February, Scholz made the Zeitenwende speech, announcing a complete reversal of German military and foreign policy, including the commencement of weapons shipments to Ukraine and a €100B increase in Germany's defense budget.[123] One reporter called it a path to "an emergency military modernisation, defence spending, energy independence from Russia, lethal assistance for Ukraine and EU financing for weaponry". However, in a press conference on 19 April Scholz spoke about slowing Germany's provision of weaponry to Ukraine, which was seen as reducing the scale of the policy change.[124]

In June 2022, Scholz said that his government remains committed to phasing out nuclear power despite rising energy prices and Germany's dependence on energy imports from Russia.[125] Former Chancellor Angela Merkel committed Germany to a nuclear power phase-out after the Fukushima nuclear disaster.[126]

In August 2022, Scholz expressed disagreement with the words of Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, who compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians to "apartheid" in South Africa.[127]

 
Scholz with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, India on 25 February 2023

Energy-intensive German industry and German exporters were hit particularly hard by the 2021–present global energy crisis.[128][129] Scholz said: "of course we knew, and we know, that our solidarity with Ukraine will have consequences."[130] On 29 September 2022, Germany presented a €200B plan to support industry and households.[131]

In November 2022, Scholz expressed support for the European Green Deal and reaffirmed Germany's goal of attaining climate neutrality, or net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, by 2045.[132]

On 14 March 2023, Scholz met with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev in Berlin. They discussed the export of natural gas from Azerbaijan to Germany and the European Union. Scholz said that "Azerbaijan is becoming an increasingly important partner for both Germany and the European Union" and stated that Germany does not recognize the Armenian separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh as an independent republic.[133]

In early May 2023, Scholz met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa to normalize relations between Germany and Ethiopia, which had been strained by the Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and rebels in Tigray.[134]

In May 2023, Scholz called on all parties involved to resolve the Cyprus dispute, which escalated after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the subsequent occupation of the northern part of the island.[135]

 
Scholz with Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv, 17 October 2023

Scholz condemned Hamas' actions during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, expressed his support to Israel, and began supporting the nation with military and medical aid.[136][137][138] He criticized the Palestinian Authority and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, saying that "their silence is shameful."[139] On 17 October 2023, Scholz arrived in Israel and on the same day warned Iran and Hezbollah not to get involved in the war between Israel and Hamas. He said that "Germany and Israel are united by the fact that they are democratic constitutional states. Our actions are based on law and order, even in extreme situations."[140] On 12 November 2023, Scholz rejected calls for "an immediate ceasefire or long pause" in Israel's war against Hamas in Gaza, saying it would "mean ultimately that Israel leaves Hamas the possibility of recovering and obtaining new missiles".[141]

Speaking at the COP28 climate summit in Dubai in December 2023, Scholz called for a phase-out of fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, and reiterated Germany's commitment to be climate neutral by 2045, saying, "The technologies are there: wind power, photovoltaics, electric motors, green hydrogen."[142]

In March 2024, Scholz confronted EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell over his months-long criticism of Israel, saying Borrell did not speak for Germany.[143] On 28 May 2024, Scholz said that his government has no plans to officially recognise a Palestinian state.[144]

In May 2024, Scholz criticized planned EU tariffs on imports of Chinese electric vehicles, saying, "I would like to point out that currently 50% of electric vehicle imports from China in fact come from Western brands that produce vehicles there."[145] In June 2024, Scholz praised Volkswagen AG's move to develop cheaper electric cars for the European market.[146]

 
Scholz with Justin Trudeau, Giorgia Meloni, Rishi Sunak and other leaders at the 50th G7 summit in Italy, 13 June 2024

In June 2024, he welcomed Argentine President Javier Milei in Berlin. Scholz and Milei expressed support for the EU–Mercosur free trade agreement.[147] Scholz criticized European Union's trade policy and called on Brussels to speed up negotiations on free trade agreements.[148]

In July 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin warned of a Cold War-style missile crisis and threatened to deploy long-range missiles within striking distance of the West after the United States announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany starting in 2026 that could hit Russian territory within 10 minutes. US weapons in Germany would include SM-6 and Tomahawk cruise missiles and developmental hypersonic weapons.[149][150] Scholz supported the decision to place US long-range missiles in Germany,[151] but his government's move was criticized by the political opposition as well as within Scholz's coalition.[152] Critics say the move would trigger a new arms race. Biden and Scholz's plan to deploy long-range missiles in Germany has been compared to the deployment of Pershing II launchers in Western Europe in 1979.[153][149]

COVID-19 vaccine mandate

edit

During his campaign in the 2021 election, Scholz opposed a COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Since late November 2021, he has expressed support for mandatory vaccination for adults, scheduled to be voted during the first months of 2022 by the federal parliament, and for the closure of non-essential retail stores to unvaccinated adults, based on the 2G-Regel, decreed by state governments in December 2021.[154][155][156][157][158]

On 13 January 2022, Scholz told lawmakers in the Bundestag that Germany should make COVID-19 vaccinations mandatory for all adults.[159] Later that month, he warned that the coronavirus would not "miraculously" disappear, and said Germany would not be able to get out of the pandemic without compulsory vaccinations.[160] The opposition Christian Democratic Union criticized the government for not taking a firm decision on a vaccine mandate. The far-right Alternative for Germany party wanted Scholz's government to ban vaccine mandates.[161]

Relationship with Poland

edit
Main article: Germany–Poland relations
 
Scholz and Polish Prime Minister Morawiecki in 2021

In December 2021, Scholz rejected the Polish government's claim for further World War II reparations.[162] As a consequence of Nazi German aggression in World War II, Poland lost about a fifth of its population and much of its industry and infrastructure was destroyed. As a compensation Poland was awarded large parts of eastern Germany at the Potsdam Conference in 1945,[163][164] with Germany finally renouncing its claims to these territories – including East Prussia, most of Silesia, as well as the eastern parts of Brandenburg and Pomerania – in the Two Plus Four Agreement in 1990. According to the German government, there is no legal basis for further compensation payments.[165] In a meeting with Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, Scholz said "We have concluded treaties that are valid and have settled the past issues and the compensation".[165] Scholz also pointed out that Germany "continues to be willing to pay very, very high contributions to the EU budget", from which Poland has benefited considerably since its accession to the EU.[165]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

edit
 
Scholz and Putin in Moscow on 15 February 2022
Main article: Russian invasion of Ukraine

In January 2022, The New York Times reported intensifying concerns from the US and other NATO allies about the Scholz government's "evident hesitation to take forceful measures" against Russia in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis.[166]

The Scholz government initially refused to send weapons to Ukraine, citing existing German policy and financial support for the Eastern European country.[167] As late as 15 February, Scholz was quoted by TASS as saying "the way out of the crisis in Ukraine is to implement the Steinmeier formula", a mechanism of granting a special status to Donbass.[168] On 26 February, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Scholz reversed his decision and pledged a supply of anti-tank weapons and Stinger missiles to Ukraine.[169]

Before the 24 February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Scholz rejected Ukraine's demands for weapons deliveries on 6 February, saying Germany "has for many years taken the clear stance that we do not deliver to crisis regions".[170] The Russian invasion drastically changed German policy with regard to defense spending, aiding Ukraine and the nation's energy security.

Scholz greatly increased German defense expenditure. Three days after the invasion started, he announced in the Zeitenwende speech the creation of a one-off €100B fund for the Bundeswehr.[171] This represented a major shift in German foreign policy, as Germany had long refused to meet the required spending of 2% of its GDP on defense, as is required by NATO.[172] In addition to increasing defense spending for his own country, in an address to Germany's parliament on 23 March, Scholz emphasized support for aiding Ukraine in its resistance to Russian invasion.[173]

 
Scholz and Macron visit Kyiv on 16 June 2022

With regard to supporting Ukraine and taking action against Russia, Scholz was trailing behind others. On 26 February 2022, he was the last of several EU leaders to continue opposition against kicking Russia out of the SWIFT international payment system.[174] However, Germany did send some effective weapons to Ukraine. By 17 March about 2,000 portable missile weapons against tanks and aircraft had been sent.[175] In his 23 March speech, Scholz claimed that Germany would "try everything we can until peace prevails again on our continent" including taking hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees across German borders.[173] Like most other NATO leaders, he declined to impose a no-fly zone, as that would probably draw NATO into a direct military conflict with Russia.[173]

Apart from increasing defense spending and aiding Ukraine, the invasion also highlighted the dangers of relying on Russian gas. By 3 March 2022, Scholz had announced plans to build two new LNG terminals.[176] Economy minister Habeck then visited Norway and on 19 March Qatar, one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas.[177][178] Here he signed a long term agreement about importing Qatari gas.[179] Amid pressure to prohibit Russian gas imports across Europe, Scholz still refused to end German imports of Russian gas in the first days of April.[180] A few days later, he said Germany was working on ending the import of Russian energy.[181] He opposed a reversal of Germany's scheduled end to nuclear power, saying the technical challenges were too great.[182]

 
Scholz at the NATO Summit in Vilnius on 12 July 2023

In early April 2022 news of the Bucha massacre shocked public opinion in Europe. On 6 April Guy Verhofstadt got a lot of attention with a passionate speech about Ukraine before the European parliament. He ended it by accusing the German government of "dragging its feet" with regard to taking action against Russia.[183] That same month, Germany policy changed and the chancellor avowed that Germany would provide Ukraine with more than €1B to spend on military resources.[184] Scholz rejected a plan made by Vice Chancellor and Economy Minister Robert Habeck and Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock to deliver 100 Marder Infantry fighting vehicles from German stocks to Ukraine.[185][186]

From May 2022, the aid to Ukraine became increasingly significant. The rhetoric of the chancellor also began to change. On 9 May 2022, Scholz said that Russians and Ukrainians once fought together during World War II against Nazi Germany's "murderous National Socialist regime", but now "Putin wants to overthrow Ukraine and destroy its culture and identity... [and] even regards his barbaric war of aggression as being on a par with the fight against National Socialism. That is a falsification of history and a disgraceful distortion."[187] On 16 June 2022, Scholz visited the Ukrainian Capital, Kyiv, alongside French President Emmanuel Macron and Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi to meet President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. They talked about various issues such as the war in Ukraine and Ukraine's membership into the EU.[188][189] This comes as a reverse of his previous stance to not visit Ukraine, after Zelensky rebuked the German President, Frank-Walter Steinmeier over his contribution to stronger Moscow-Berlin ties.[190][191]

 
International trips by Olaf Scholz
  Germany
  1 visit
  2 visits
  3 to 7 visits
  8 to 10 visits
  11 and more visits
  No known visits

By 1 September 2022, the actual volume of German arms deliveries to Ukraine was only exceeded by that of deliveries by the United States and the United Kingdom.[192] The verdict was that, "based on these statistics, Berlin had ultimately positioned itself as a reliable partner of Ukraine."[192] However, it "could also be argued that Berlin's communication to affirm its Ukraine stance and explain its foreign policy goals had been nothing short of an unmitigated disaster".[192] In January 2023, Scholz announced the decision to send Leopard 2 battle tanks to Ukraine.[193] In May 2024, Scholz gave Ukraine permission to strike _targets inside Russia with German-supplied weapons.[194] In a phone call in November 2024, Scholz urged Putin to withdraw his forces from Ukraine and begin talks aiming at a "just and lasting peace". The call was sharply criticized by Zelenskyy, who considered the it as undermining efforts to isolate Putin. Several European officials were said to have cautioned Scholz against the move.[195]

Immigration policy

edit

In December 2021, Scholz said that Germany was a country of immigration and pledged to reduce barriers to immigration to Germany and make it easier for immigrants to obtain German citizenship.[196] 352,000 people applied for asylum in Germany in 2023, the highest number since 2016, when 722,370 people applied for asylum. People from Ukraine are not included among asylum seekers. Most asylum seekers in 2023 were from Turkey, Syria and Afghanistan.[197] In September 2023, more than 120 boats carrying approximately 7,000 migrants from Africa arrived on the island of Lampedusa within 24 hours.[198] Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany.[199]

In 2023, 1,933,000 people immigrated to Germany, including 276,000 from Ukraine and 126,000 from Turkey, while 1,270,000 people emigrated. Net immigration to Germany was 663,000 in 2023, down from a record 1,462,000 in 2022.[200]

In 2022, Scholz stated that Russian deserters and draft evaders who refused to take part in the Russian invasion of Ukraine should be protected in Germany. However, in 2024, German authorities ordered the deportation of Russian nationals who wanted to avoid mobilization and criticized Putin's government on the grounds that they would not face persecution in Russia.[201]

In August 2024, in response to a deadly attack in Solingen by a Syrian asylum seeker, Scholz has called for stricter immigration measures and expedited deportations. The incident has reignited debates over migration policies in Germany ahead of upcoming regional elections.[202]

On 11 September 2024, Scholz said that Germany must remain open to immigration to maintain economic growth and also said that Germany would offer protection to those who are politically persecuted, telling opposition political parties that the issue is non-negotiable.[a][207] On 14 September 2024, Scholz and Kenyan President William Ruto signed an agreement that opened the German labor market to up to 250,000 skilled and semi-skilled migrant workers from Kenya.[208] Scholz's government has already signed migration partnerships with several other countries,[209] including Morocco, Nigeria and India.[210] There are concerns about brain drain in Kenya, as professionals such as doctors and nurses could leave for better-paying jobs in Germany.[211]

Other activities

edit

International organizations

edit

Corporate boards

edit
  • KfW, ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (2018–2021)[217]
  • RAG-Stiftung, ex-officio member of the board of trustees (2018–2021)[218]
  • HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, ex-officio chairman of the supervisory board (−2018)[citation needed]

Non-profits

edit

Personal life

edit

Olaf Scholz is married to fellow SPD politician Britta Ernst. The couple lived in Hamburg's Altona district before moving to Potsdam in 2018.[223]

Scholz was raised in the Protestant Church in Germany and later left it.[224] At his inauguration as chancellor in 2021, Scholz took the oath of office without a reference to God (the second chancellor to do so after Gerhard Schröder). He is the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany who is not a member of a church.[225]

On 4 September 2023, Scholz announced that he would be wearing an eyepatch following a jogging accident.[226][227][228]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution is a human right, as defined in article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations (UN).[203] Germany became a full member of the UN on 18 September 1973. Furthermore, article 16a of the German constitution states that politically persecuted persons have the right to asylum (Politisch Verfolgte genießen Asylrecht),[204] and as Chancellor of Germany Scholz is sworn to "uphold and defend the constitution" ("das Grundgesetz [...] wahren und verteidigen"),[205] as set out in article 56 of that same constitution.[206]

References

edit
  1. ^ Martinez, Maria (15 November 2023). "German court deals 60 billion euro budget blow to Scholz government". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  2. ^ Moulson, Geir (2 February 2024). "German lawmakers approve contested cuts to farmers' fuel subsidies and a revamped 2024 budget". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b Cliffe, Jeremy (3 September 2021). "How Olaf Scholz and the SPD could lead Germany's next government". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  4. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (24 November 2021). "He Convinced Voters He Would Be Like Merkel. But Who Is Olaf Scholz?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  5. ^ Gammelin, Cerstin (25 June 2020). "Olaf Scholz Bruder: Warum Jens Scholz in Paris berühmt". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  6. ^ Schindler, Fabian (21 March 2011). "Stades Bürgermeister verkündet seinen Abschied". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Chazan, Guy (9 February 2018). "Olaf Scholz, a sound guardian for Germany's finances". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  8. ^ "Scholz: Christliche Prägung unserer Kultur wertschätzen". Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  9. ^ a b Feldenkirchen, Markus; Sauga, Michael (26 November 2007). "Rückkehr eines Bauernopfers". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  10. ^ Greive, Martin; Hildebrand, Jan; Rickens, Christian; Stratmann, Klaus (21 August 2020). "Kann er Kanzler?: Olaf Scholz – ein kritisches Porträt über den Kanzlerkandidaten der SPD". Handelsblatt (in German).
  11. ^ "Historiker enthüllt: So nahe stand der Jungsozialist Olaf Scholz den Machthabern in der DDR". Focus.de (in German). 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Olaf Scholz früher: "Abrüstung jetzt" in SWR2 Archivradio". SWR.de. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.
  13. ^ "Olaf Scholz, MdB". SPD-Bundestagsfraktion (in German). 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  14. ^ "DeutschlandRadio Berlin – Interview – Scholz: Politisch Verantwortliche erst später vernehmen". www.deutschlandradio.de. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  15. ^ "Olaf Scholz: The Teflon candidate". POLITICO. 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  16. ^ "Kein ärztlicher Eingriff mit Gewalt" [No forced medical intervention]. Pressestelle der Ärztekammer Hamburg (in German). 30 October 2001. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  17. ^ Gärtner, Birgit (28 May 2021). "Olaf Scholz: einst Kapitalismuskritik, dann Sozialabbau". Telepolis (in German). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Ronald Schill: Chronik einer kurzen Polit-Karriere". Manager-Magazin (in German). 19 August 2003. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  19. ^ Bernstein, Richard (7 February 2004). "Schröder Quitting Party Post, Citing Need to Pursue Reforms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  20. ^ Moritz Schuller (7 September 2003), The right to revise Archived 8 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
  21. ^ Ben Knight (19 January 2016), Time to end interview authorization in Germany? Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Deutsche Welle
  22. ^ "Geheime Verschlusssache Interview". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in German). 28 November 2003. p. 1. ISSN 0931-9085. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  23. ^ Wieduwilt, Hendrik (6 October 2021). "Die Autorisierung von Interviews: ein Machtkampf". Übermedien (in German). Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  24. ^ Sebastian Fischer (13 November 2007), Müntefering Resignation: Merkel Loses 'Mr. Grand Coalition' Archived 16 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Spiegel Online.
  25. ^ "Wen beruft Olaf Scholz aus der rheinland-pfälzischen SPD?". swr.online (in German). 5 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  26. ^ Andreas Cremer and Brian Parkin, "Muentefering, Vice-Chancellor Under Merkel, Quits" Archived 25 May 2012 at archive.today, Bloomberg.com, 13 November 2007.
  27. ^ "Merkel defends record as Germany's tense governing coalition hits 2-year mark – International Herald Tribune". 17 February 2008. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  28. ^ "Olaf Scholz". SPD-Bundestagsfraktion (in German). 13 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  29. ^ "Bilderberg Meetings: Sitges, Spain 3–6 June 2010 – Final List of Participants". Bilderberg. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  30. ^ "AICGS Coverage of the 2011 Land Elections". Archived from the original on 16 March 2011.
  31. ^ "Die vielen Baustellen von König Olaf". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). 15 February 2015. ISSN 1865-2263. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  32. ^ "Egloff folgt auf Scholz". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  33. ^ "Stapelfeldt wird Hamburgs Zweite Bürgermeisterin". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  34. ^ Expected Attendees at Tonight's State Dinner Archived 19 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Office of the First Lady of the United States, press release of 7 June 2011.
  35. ^ Josh Wingrove (17 February 2017), Trudeau Stresses Fair Wages, Tax Compliance in Warning to Europe Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News.
  36. ^ "Scholz Bevollmächtigter für deutsch-französische Kulturzusammenarbeit – WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  37. ^ Brautlecht, Nicholas (23 September 2013). "Hamburg Backs EU2 Billion Buyback of Power Grids in Plebiscite". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  38. ^ Donahue, Patrick; Delfs, Arne (30 September 2013). "Germany Sets Coalition Talks Date as Weeks of Bartering Loom". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  39. ^ Donahue, Patrick (28 October 2013). "Merkel Enters Concrete SPD Talks as Finance Post Looms". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  40. ^ Buergin, Rainer; Jennen, Birgit (20 September 2013). "Schaeuble Seen Keeping Finance Post Even in SPD Coalition". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  41. ^ Buergin, Rainer (4 March 2015). "Merkel Weighs End of Reunification Tax for East Germany". Bloomberg Business. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  42. ^ Copley, Caroline (15 February 2015). "Merkel's Conservatives Suffer Blow in State Vote, Eurosceptics Gain". The New York Times.
  43. ^ "Olaf Scholz: Hanseat und Comeback-Spezialist". NDR (in German). Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  44. ^ "Olaf Scholz gewählt: Rot-Grün in Hamburg startet mit Vertrauensvorschuss". www.handelsblatt.com (in German). 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  45. ^ "Hamburg mayor: our Olympics will cost $12.6bn, less than London 2012". The Guardian. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  46. ^ Karolos Grohmann (29 November 2015), Hamburg drops 2024 Games bid after referendum defeat Archived 25 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  47. ^ Arno Schuetze and Foo Yun Chee (27 May 2015), HSH Nordbank strikes rescue deal with EU Archived 12 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  48. ^ "Cum-Ex-Skandal:"Ich kann die Entscheidung nicht nachvollziehen"". 4 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  49. ^ "Hamburg tax affair follows Olaf Scholz to Berlin". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  50. ^ "Nachrichten aus Hamburg". NDR. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  51. ^ a b Nienaber, Michael (29 May 2018). "Germany's 'miserly' Scholz irks comrades at home and abroad". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  52. ^ "SPD leadership choice threatens Germany's ruling coalition". Reuters. 1 December 2019. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  53. ^ Chazan, Guy (4 June 2021). "German stimulus aims to kick-start recovery 'with a ka-boom'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  54. ^ Nasr, Joseph (9 May 2021). "Germany's SPD appeal to working class before election". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  55. ^ Holger Hansen, Thomas Leigh and Sabine Siebold (27 April 2021), Germany to spend 90% of EU recovery money on green, digital goals Archived 24 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  56. ^ Nienaber, Michael; Thomas, Leigh; Halpin, Padraic (6 April 2021). "Germany and France see global tax deal, Ireland has doubts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  57. ^ Nienaber, Michael (14 June 2021). "Analysis: Germany's Scholz bets on experience in uphill election battle". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  58. ^ Reiermann, Christian (5 June 2021). "G7-Einigung auf Mindeststeuer: Olaf Scholz ist stolz auf Einigung – aber Arbeit bleibt". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 29 October 2021.
  59. ^ "Scholz kauft Steuerdaten von anonymem Informanten". Der Spiegel. 6 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  60. ^ "Scholz kündigt Neuaufstellung der BaFin an". Bundesfinanzministerium.de. 29 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021.
  61. ^ "EU-Behörde sieht Defizite bei Aufsicht im Wirecard-Skandal". Welt. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021.
  62. ^ O'Donnell, John; Kraemer, Christian (22 April 2021). "Germany's finance minister rejects blame for Wirecard fiasco". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  63. ^ "German minister denies responsibility in Wirecard scandal". Associated Press. 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  64. ^ Chazan, Guy (16 August 2020). "Wirecard casts shadow over Scholz's bid to be German chancellor". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  65. ^ Chazan, Guy (22 April 2021). "Olaf Scholz defends German government's record on Wirecard". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  66. ^ Brost, M., & P. Dausend: Olaf Scholz: Ich war der "Scholzomat". Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine In: Zeit 26/2013.
  67. ^ The discreet charm of the Scholzomat Archived 25 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine In: Zeit, 26 September 2021.
  68. ^ "China, Germany promise closer financial cooperation". Associated Press. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  69. ^ "From client to competitor: China's rise prompts German rethink". Reuters. 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  70. ^ "The China Challenge for Olaf Scholz". Human Rights Watch. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  71. ^ "Scholz Prepares First Official Trip to China as German Position Turns Hawkish". Bloomberg. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  72. ^ "Germany's Scholz calls for coordinated approach to convince Turkey to end Syria operation". Reuters. 15 October 2021.
  73. ^ "Angriff auf die Mittelschicht: Warum Olaf Scholz' Aktiensteuer eine schlechte Idee ist". Stern.de. 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  74. ^ Eckert, Daniel (9 September 2019). "Aktiensteuer: Finanzexperten kritisieren Pläne von Olaf Scholz". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  75. ^ Thorsten Mumme (13 October 2019). "Olaf Scholz, der Anti-Aktionär". Der Tagesspiegel. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  76. ^ "Scholz will uns Jungen die letzte Möglichkeit des Sparens nehmen". Focus Online. 23 June 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  77. ^ "Medienbericht: Scholz legt offenbar Gesetzentwurf für Börsensteuer vor". Spiegel Online (in German). 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  78. ^ Hermann-Josef Tenhagen (14 December 2019). "Finanztransaktionssteuer: Olaf Scholz zerstört eine gute Idee". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  79. ^ "Forscher sehen gravierende Schwächen bei Finanztransaktionsteuer". Der Spiegel. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  80. ^ Myriam Rivet and Michael Nienaber (10 June 2018), France, Germany still split on eurozone reforms, French official says Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  81. ^ ""Ein großer Wurf"". ZDF. 20 September 2019.
  82. ^ "Großer Wurf?: Wissenschaftler kritisieren deutsches Klimapaket". Faz.net (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  83. ^ Götze, Susanne (20 September 2019). "Wissenschaftler zum Klimapaket der Bundesregierung: Gute Nacht". Spiegel Online (in German). Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  84. ^ Mojib Latif (26 September 2019). "Kritik an Bundesregierung – Latif: Klimapaket verdient den Namen nicht". Deutschlandfunk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  85. ^ Christian Endt (21 September 2019). "Klimapaket: Wissenschaftler finden CO2-Preis zu niedrig". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  86. ^ "Gas Infrastructure Europe – System Development Map 2022/2021" (PDF). European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG). December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  87. ^ "Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V.: Geheimdeal gegen das Klima". Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V. (in German). Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  88. ^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  89. ^ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". www.zeit.de. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  90. ^ Stukenberg, Kurt (11 February 2021). "SPD-Engagement für Nord Stream 2: Gasimport + Gasimport = Klimaschutz". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  91. ^ "Scholz wollte mit Milliarden-Deal US-Sanktionen gegen Nord Stream 2 abwenden". DIE WELT (in German). 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  92. ^ "Deutschland soll bis 2045 klimaneutral sein". Heute.de. 5 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  93. ^ "Scholz Vows He'll Be Chancellor by Year-End to Push Green Energy". Bloomberg. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  94. ^ "Gemeinsame Ziele und Standards: Scholz will internationalen Klimaclub gründen". RND.de. 18 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021.
  95. ^ Wacket, Markus (23 November 2021). "EXCLUSIVE German parties agree on 2030 coal phase-out in coalition talks -sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  96. ^ "Germany hits back at US for placing sanctions on critical European gas pipeline". ABC News. 21 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  97. ^ "Incoming German government commits to NATO nuclear deterrent". Defense News. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  98. ^ a b Dettmer, Jamie (7 December 2021). "Washington Hopeful of Close Relations With Germany's Scholz". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  99. ^ Scholz schließt im Juni noch SPD-Vorsitz aus Archived 29 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. In: ZDF.de. 16. August 2019. (in der ARD-Sendung "Anne Will").
  100. ^ "Olaf Scholz will nicht SPD-Parteivorsitzender werden". Zeit.de. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  101. ^ "Wortbruch auf offener Bühne:AKK und Scholz sind Symbolfiguren einer Vertrauenskrise". Focus.de. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  102. ^ "Olaf Scholz will SPD-Chef werden". Spiegel.de. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  103. ^ "Olaf Scholz tritt mit Klara Geywitz an". Spiegel.de. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  104. ^ "Die (Selbst-)Rettung – Olaf Scholz will nun doch SPD-Chef werden". Handelsblatt.de. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  105. ^ "Scholz/Geywitz gegen Walter-Borjans/Esken in Stichwahl um SPD-Vorsitz". Spiegel.de. 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  106. ^ "SPD-Mitglieder stimmen für Saskia Esken und Norbert Walter-Borjans als Parteichefs". Spiegel.de. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  107. ^ Erika Solomon (10 August 2020), German Social Democrats pick Olaf Scholz to run for chancellor Archived 24 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times.
  108. ^ "SPD-Spitze nominiert Olaf Scholz als Kanzlerkandidaten". Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  109. ^ "Ende des linken Flügels". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  110. ^ Frederik Pleitgen, Salma Abdelaziz, Nadine Schmidt, Stephanie Halasz and Laura Smith-Spark (26 September 2021). "SPD wins most seats in Germany's landmark election, preliminary official results show". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  111. ^ "Die Ampel kann kommen: SPD, FDP und Grüne empfehlen Koalitionsgespräche". Der Spiegel (in German). 15 October 2021. ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  112. ^ Apetz, Andreas (24 November 2021). "Ampel-Koalition: So sieht der Fahrplan nach dem Koalitionsvertrag aus". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  113. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (8 December 2021). "Germany Live Updates: Parliament Approves Scholz as Chancellor, Ending Merkel Era". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  114. ^ "Liveblog: ++ Kabinett vereidigt – Regierungsarbeit kann starten ++". Tagesschau (in German). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  115. ^ "Tensions overshadow Olaf Scholz's inaugural visit to Warsaw". The Irish Times. 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  116. ^ "Saudi Arabia: German arms export ban set to soften?". Tactical Report. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  117. ^ "German Ban on Arms Exports to Saudis Spurs Pushback". Der Spiegel. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  118. ^ "Scholz secures gas deal with Abu Dhabi amid pressure on human rights". Euractiv. 26 September 2022. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  119. ^ "Germany's Scholz seeks to deepen energy partnership with Saudi Arabia". Reuters. 24 September 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  120. ^ "German government approves arms exports to Saudi Arabia: reports". Deutsche Welle. 29 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  121. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Germany halts Nord Stream 2 approval". dw.com. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  122. ^ "Russia should not be cut off from SWIFT at the moment – Germany's Scholz". Reuters. Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  123. ^ "'A new era': Germany rewrites its defence, foreign policies". France 24. AFP. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  124. ^ Barker, Tyson (25 April 2022). "The Berlin Elite's Ukraine Dilemma". German Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  125. ^ "Scholz and liberal finance minister clash over nuclear phase-out". Euractiv. 9 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  126. ^ "Germany Confronts Its Nuclear Demons". Foreign Policy. 20 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  127. ^ "Scholz rejects use of 'apartheid' to describe Israel". Deutsche Welle. 16 August 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  128. ^ "How Bad Will the German Recession Be?". Der Spiegel. 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  129. ^ "A Grave Threat to Industry in Germany". Der Spiegel. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  130. ^ "Germany, EU race to fix energy crisis". Euronews. 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  131. ^ "Germany to mobilise €200bn economic 'shield' to field energy crisis". Euractiv. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  132. ^ "Scholz: Germany Won't Delay Path to Climate Neutrality by 2045". Bloomberg. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  133. ^ "President Ilham Aliyev, Chancellor Olaf Scholz make joint press statement in Berlin [PHOTO/VIDEO]". AzerNews. 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  134. ^ "Sudan crisis hovers over Olaf Scholz's visit to East Africa". Deutsche Welle. 2 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  135. ^ "German Chancellor calls for political courage from all parties involved in Cyprus problem". Phileleftheros. 26 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  136. ^ "Scholz: Germany has agreed with its partners that Israel has the right to self-defense". MTV Lebanon. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  137. ^ Jones, Sam (8 November 2023). "German arms exports to Israel surge as Berlin backs campaign against Hamas". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  138. ^ "Germany stands firmly alongside Israel | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024. The Federal Government is also supporting Israel by providing military and medical equipment.
  139. ^ "Germany offers Israel military help and promises to crack down at home on support for Hamas". AP News. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  140. ^ "Olaf Scholz's plane evacuated on runway following rocket attack in Israel". Politico. 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  141. ^ "German Chancellor Opposed To 'Immediate' Ceasefire In Gaza". Barron's. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  142. ^ "COP28: Germany's Scholz calls to phase out coal, oil and gas". Deutsche Welle. 2 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  143. ^ "Germany's Scholz lashed out at EU foreign policy chief over Gaza stance". Politico. 16 April 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  144. ^ "German chancellor sees 'no reason' to recognize Palestinian state". Anadolu Agency. 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  145. ^ "Germany's Scholz skeptical about EU tariffs on Chinese electric vehicle imports". Anadolu Agency. 14 May 2024. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  146. ^ "Germany's Scholz Lauds VW's Move Into Cheap EVs as 'Very Good'". Bloomberg. 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  147. ^ "Scholz, Milei Demand Swift Deal on EU-Mercosur Free Trade Pact". Bloomberg. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  148. ^ "Germany's Scholz blasts EU for failure to do trade deals". Politico. 26 June 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  149. ^ a b "Putin warns US against deploying long-range missiles in Germany". The Guardian. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  150. ^ "A new arms race in Europe? US long-range weapons in Germany". Deutsche Welle. 13 July 2024. Archived from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  151. ^ "Germany's Scholz under friendly fire over US missile plan". Politico. 31 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  152. ^ "Germany split on US stationing long-range cruise missiles". Deutsche Welle. 11 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  153. ^ "Russia says US missiles in Germany signal return of Cold War". Al Jazeera. 11 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  154. ^ "2G und Impfen: Das sind die neuen Maßnahmen" [2G and vaccination: these are the new measures]. ZDF (in German). 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  155. ^ "Wegen Omikron: Bald auch strengere Corona-Regeln für Geimpfte" [Because of Omicron: Stricter corona rules soon also for vaccinated]. NDR (in German). 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  156. ^ "Corona-Gipfel: Olaf Scholz will jetzt drastisch reagieren" [Corona Summit: Olaf Scholz wants to react dramatically]. T-Online (in German). 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  157. ^ "Olaf Scholz für generelle Corona-Impfpflicht und 2G im Einzelhandel" [Olaf Scholz for general corona vaccinations and 2G in retail]. RND (in German). 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  158. ^ Becker, Tobias (1 December 2021). "Nächster Corona-Hammer droht: Scholz will 2G-Pflicht beim Einkaufen" [Nearest Corona Hammer threatens: Scholz wants 2G duty when shopping]. Merkur.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  159. ^ Nasr, Joseph; Alkousaa, Riham (12 January 2022). "Germany's Scholz urges compulsory COVID-19 jabs for all adults". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  160. ^ Oelofse, Louis (23 January 2022). "German Chancellor Olaf Scholz eyes COVID vaccine mandate". DW. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  161. ^ Staiano-Daniels, Lucian (12 February 2022). "The Far-Right Has Turned East Germans Against Vaccines". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  162. ^ "New Chancellor Meets Old Resentments. Polish PM Receives Olaf Scholz in Warsaw, Talks of War Reparations and a "Europe of Sovereign States"". Gazeta Wyborcza. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  163. ^ "Poland's ruling party picks a fight with Germany". The Economist. 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  164. ^ "Zweiter Weltkrieg: Polens Regierung prüft Reparationsforderungen an Deutschland". DIE WELT. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  165. ^ a b c "Leaders of Poland, Germany call for 'swift' solution to Warsaw's rule of law row with EU". Politico. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  166. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (25 January 2022). "Where Is Germany in the Ukraine Standoff? Its Allies Wonder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  167. ^ "Why Germany isn't sending weapons to Ukraine". BBC News. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  168. ^ "Way out of crisis in Ukraine is implementation of Steinmeier formula — Scholz". TASS. 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  169. ^ "Russia Ukraine news Live: Street fighting begins in Kyiv". Marca. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  170. ^ "Fact check: Does Germany send weapons to crisis regions?". Deutsche Welle. 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  171. ^ "Putin Accidentally Started a Revolution in Germany". FP. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  172. ^ "Experts React: What's behind Germany's stunning foreign-policy shift?". Atlantic Council. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  173. ^ a b c "Germany: Chancellor Scholz vows to help Ukraine in speech to parliament". DW. 23 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  174. ^ Von Der Burchard, Hans (26 February 2022). "Pressure mounts on Germany to drop rejection of SWIFT ban for Russia". Politico. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  175. ^ "Europe is 'behind a wall again,' Zelenskyy tells Bundestag". Deutsche Welle. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  176. ^ Wrede, Insa (3 March 2022). "Does Germany really need LNG terminals?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  177. ^ "Germany goes on a mission to secure supplies of Qatari gas". Euractiv. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  178. ^ "German minister heads to Qatar to seek gas alternatives". Deutsche Welle. 19 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  179. ^ "Germany Signs Energy Deal With Qatar As It Seeks To reduce Reliance On Russian Supplies". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  180. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (6 April 2022). "The End of the (Pipe)line? Germany Scrambles to Wean Itself Off Russian Gas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  181. ^ Wintour, Patrick (9 April 2022). "Germany will stop importing Russian gas 'very soon', says Olaf Scholz". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  182. ^ Nienaber, Michael; Delfs, Arne (6 April 2022). "Scholz Shoots Down Appeal to Reverse Germany's Nuclear Exit". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  183. ^ Kaonga, Gerrard (7 April 2022). "European Lawmaker Berates EU Strategy Against Putin in Viral Video". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  184. ^ "Germany to Provide Over 1 Billion Euros' Military Aid to Ukraine". Defense News. 17 April 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  185. ^ Saxena, Astha (8 April 2022). "'Disgrace' German Chancellor slammed over delay in sending high-end tanks to Ukraine". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  186. ^ Von der Burchard, Hans (7 April 2022). "Scholz holds up German tank deliveries to Ukraine". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  187. ^ "Olaf Scholz: Ukraine won't accept Russian dictatorship". Deutsche Welle. 8 May 2022. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023.
  188. ^ Kinkartz, Sabine; Hasselbach, Christoph (14 June 2022). "Germany's Olaf Scholz expected to visit Ukraine". DW. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  189. ^ Darmanin, Jules; Caulcutt, Clea; Miller, Christopher (16 June 2022). "Macron, Scholz and Draghi meet Zelenskyy in Kyiv during historic visit". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  190. ^ Pietsch, Bryan (3 May 2022). "German chancellor rejects Kyiv visit — but his main rival is set to go". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  191. ^ "German opposition leader visits Kyiv, Scholz refuses to go". AP NEWS. 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  192. ^ a b c Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (1 September 2022). "Fact Sheet On German Military Aid To Ukraine". Oryx. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  193. ^ "Scholz defends decision to send battle tanks to Ukraine". Deutsche Welle. 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  194. ^ "Berlin allows Ukraine to fire German weapons at _targets in Russia". Le Monde. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  195. ^ Escritt, Thomas; Rinke, Andreas (15 November 2024). "Germany's Scholz calls Putin, ending Western isolation over Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  196. ^ "Chancellor Scholz briefs parliament for first time". Deutsche Welle. 15 December 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  197. ^ "Germany: Asylum applications rose sharply in 2023". Deutsche Welle. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  198. ^ "What's behind the surge in migrant arrivals to Italy?". AP News. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  199. ^ "Germany agrees to accept some migrants from Italy amid Lampedusa crisis". Telewizja Polska. 16 September 2023.
  200. ^ "Germany: Net immigration sinks sharply in 2023". Deutsche Welle. 27 June 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  201. ^ "Germany: No asylum for Russian draft dodgers?". Deutsche Welle. 19 April 2024. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  202. ^ McGuinness, Damien (26 August 2024). "Scholz vows to speed up deportations after Solingen stabbings". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  203. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. 10 December 1948. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  204. ^ "Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Art 16a". Bundesminister der Justiz, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  205. ^ "Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Art 56". Bundesminister der Justiz, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  206. ^ "Bundeskanzler Olaf Scholz leistet Amtseid im Bundestag". Spiegel. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  207. ^ "Olaf Scholz stresses Germany's need for immigrants". Deutsche Welle. 11 September 2024. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  208. ^ "Germany opens its doors to Kenyan workers in controlled migration deal". CNN. 14 September 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  209. ^ "Germany begins recruiting 250,000 bus drivers, computer repairers from Kenya". Peoples Gazette. 13 September 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  210. ^ "How is Germany handling its migration partnerships?". Deutsche Welle. 2 September 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  211. ^ "Germany to welcome Kenyans in labour deal". BBC. 14 September 2024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  212. ^ Board of Governors Archived 28 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
  213. ^ Board of Governors Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine European Investment Bank (EIB).
  214. ^ Board of Governors: Olaf Scholz[permanent dead link‍] European Stability Mechanism.
  215. ^ Board of Governors Archived 29 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
  216. ^ Members Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine International Monetary Fund (IMF).
  217. ^ Board of Supervisory Directors and its Committees Archived 16 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine KfW.
  218. ^ Vetter, Philipp (14 June 2021). "Staatshilfe für Karstadt und Kaufhof: CDU-Wirtschaftsrat warnt vor weiterem Kredit". DIE WELT (in German). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  219. ^ Laurin, Stefan (12 July 2011). "ECE: Stiftung lebendige Stadt – so geht Lobbyismus". Ruhrbarone (in German). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  220. ^ Senate Archived 18 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Nationalstiftung.
  221. ^ Members Archived 29 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES).
  222. ^ Study Groups, Discussion Groups and Task Forces Archived 1 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine German Council on Foreign Relations.
  223. ^ Ildiko Röd (25 June 2018), Vizekanzler ist Neu-Potsdamer Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Märkische Allgemeine.
  224. ^ Forster, Joel (22 September 2021). "Germany election: Christians not exempt from falling into polarisation". Evangelical Focus. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  225. ^ "Olaf Scholz: Darum verzichtet er beim Amtseid auf "So wahr mir Gott helfe"". Der Westen (in German). 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  226. ^ "German Chancellor Scholz sports eye patch after jogging accident". Reuters. 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  227. ^ "German Chancellor Scholz tweets picture of himself with black eye patch after jogging accident". AP News. 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  228. ^ "'Excited to see the memes': Germany's Olaf Scholz posts eyepatch photo". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 4 September 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
edit
Party political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of the Social Democratic Party
2002–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic Party
2009–2019 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Labour and Social Affairs
2007–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Mayor of Hamburg
2011–2018 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of Germany
2018–2021 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
2018–2021 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of Germany
2021–present 		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chair of the Group of Seven
2022 		Succeeded by
Order of precedence
Preceded byas President of the Bundestag Order of precedence of Germany
Chancellor 		Succeeded byas President of the Bundesrat
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Scholz&oldid=1259980177"
  NODES
Done 1
eth 8
freud 1
games 1
jung 4
jung 4
News 20
orte 8
see 24
Story 1
zweiter weltkrieg 1