Patrícia Rehder Galvão, known by her pseudonym Pagu (June 9, 1910 – December 12, 1962) was a Brazilian writer, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator who had a large role in the Brazilian Modernist movement. Pagu was also politically active, being associated to the Brazilian Communist Party during the 1930 decade.[1]
Pagu | |
|---|---|
 Pagu in the late 1920s | |
| Born | Patrícia Rehder Galvão 9 June 1910 São João da Boa Vista |
| Died | 12 December 1962 (aged 52) Santos |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Nationality | Brazilian |
| Literary movement | Modernism |
| Spouse | Oswald de Andrade (1930-1935) Geraldo Ferraz (1941-1962) |
| Children | Rudá de Andrade Geraldo Galvão de Andrade |
Biography
editBorn in a family of Portuguese, Spanish, and German descent, Galvão was an "advanced" woman for the moral and social standards of the time.[2] When she was 15 years old, she collaborated with the Brás Jornal newspaper, using the pen name Patsy.
She completed secondary education at the São Paulo Normal School in 1928, and joined the Movimento Antropofágico, influenced by Oswald de Andrade and Tarsila do Amaral. The nickname "Pagu" was given to her by the poet Raul Bopp, who dedicated a poem to her (Coco de Pagu).[3] In 1930, Pagu married Oswald de Andrade, who recently had left Tarsila, then his wife.[4] In the same year, Rudá de Andrade, her first and Andrade's second son is born. Both became militants of the Brazilian Communist Party and together they founded the political newspaper O Homem do Povo (The People's Man), which lasted for eight issues before being closed by São Paulo police. There, Pagu wrote the column "A Mulher do Povo" (The People's Woman) and drew the comic strip "Malakabeça, Fanika e Kabeluda".[5]
Pagu was arrested in 1931 by participating in a harbor workers' strike in Santos,[6] the first in a series of 23 detentions in her life. After her arrest she published the novel Parque Industrial (Industrial Park), under the pseudonym Mara Lobo.[7]
In 1935 she was arrested in Paris as a foreign communist using a false identity, and was repatriated to Brazil.[6] She broke up with Andrade, after many quarrels. Pagu then resumed her journalistic activity, but was again arrested and tortured by the forces of the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship, and was jailed for five years. During those five years her son was raised by Andrade. Upon leaving prison in 1940, she broke away from the Communist Party, choosing to follow a socialism of Trotskyist line instead. She joined the newspaper A Vanguarda Socialista along with Geraldo Ferraz, art critic Mário Pedrosa, Hilcar Leite and Edmundo Moniz.[8][9]
She married Geraldo Ferraz and from this union her second son was born, Geraldo Galvão Ferraz, on June 18, 1941. She moved in with her two children and her husband. Around the same time she travelled to China, obtaining there the first soybean seeds that were introduced in Brazil.[10]
In 1945 Pagu launched a new novel, A Famosa Revista, written with her husband Geraldo Ferraz. She unsuccessfully attempted a run for state representative in the 1950 elections.
In 1952 she attended the School of Dramatic Art in São Paulo, taking their shows to Santos. Linked to the avant-garde theater, they presented her translation of Ionesco's The Bald Singer. She translated and directed Fando et Lis by Fernando Arrabal, an amateur montage in which the young artist Plínio Marcos debuted. She also translated poems by authors such as Guillaume Apollinaire. Known as a major cultural influence in Santos, Pagu encouraged young talents such as actor and playwright Plinio Marcos and composer Gilberto Mendes. She devoted herself particularly to the stage, especially in encouraging amateur groups.[8]
While still working as an art critic, she was stricken with cancer. She traveled to Paris to undergo surgery, but without positive results. Disappointed and desperately sick, Pagu attempted suicide, but did not succeed. Of this episode, she wrote the pamphlet "Truth and Freedom": "A bullet got behind, between gauze pads and shattered memories." She returned to Brazil and died on December 12, 1962, due to the disease.
Literature
editPagu published the novels Industrial Park (the author's edition, 1933), under the pseudonym Mara Lobo, considered the first Brazilian proletarian novel, and A Famosa Revista (The Famous Magazine) (Americ-Edit, 1945), in collaboration with Geraldo Ferraz. Industrial Park was published in the United States in translation of Kenneth David Jackson in 1994 by the University of Nebraska Press. A version in Spanish of this novel was published in 2016 and translated by Martín Camps, Professor at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California.[11] She has also written detective stories under the pseudonym King Shelter, originally published in Detective magazine, directed by playwright Nelson Rodrigues, and then gathered in Safra Macabra (Livraria José Olympio Editora, 1998).
In her work, along with theater groups, she revealed and translated great authors hitherto unpublished in Brazil, such as James Joyce, Eugène Ionesco, Fernando Arrabal and Octavio Paz.
One of Pagu’s most famous pieces is the book she wrote “Parque Industrial” which was published in 1933 gives detailing insight of the social and economic issues that Brazil faced during the post World War period. This book follows three young women during the 1930s, a time when the workforce was very misogynistic towards women. Marxism was a major theme throughout this novel as it reflected its significance in the real world specifically during this time period.[12] This book gets pretty gruesome and real due to the events that take place in this novel such as one of the ladies getting fired from her job due to her getting pregnant and then jailed for killing her baby who had no skin.[13] This is just one example of the chilling realities within this thrilling novel. This story also gives the perspective of a lady who escaped the struggles of poverty by marrying a rich man named Alfredo who was a major supporter of Marxism. The third main character in this novel gives the perspective of a communist leader who was also involved with Alfredo. These three different perspectives give a holistic view of what it was like to live in Sao Paulo Brazil during the 1930s. is This novel is a shadow of the struggles Pagu had to face as a young woman in brazil during the early 20th century. Parque Industrial is just one of many pieces of art created by Pagu, which has made her famous to this day.
Cultural depictions
editIn 1988, the life of Pagu was told in the film Eternamente Pagu, the first movie directed by Norma Bengell. Carla Camurati played the title role.
A song titled "Pagu" was composed by Rita Lee and Zélia Duncan.
References
edit- ^ "Galvão, Patricia (1910–1962) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
- ^ Tereza Freire, Patrícia Galvão (2008). Dos escombros de Pagu: um recorte biográfico de Patrícia Galvão (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Editora Senac. ISBN 9788573596991.
- ^ Lobo, Luiza (2000). "Patrícia Galvão's vision of women's cooperation in Parque Industrial" (PDF). Latin American Studies Association. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- ^ Fonseca, Maria Augusta (2007). Oswald de Andrade: biografia (in Portuguese). Globo. ISBN 9788525043528.
- ^ Campos, Augusto de (2014-10-06). Pagu – Vida e obra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-438-0155-1.
- ^ a b Dulles, John W. F. (2014-07-03). Brazilian Communism, 1935-1945: Repression during World Upheaval. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292771666.
- ^ Antonio Marcio Da Silva (October 23, 2013). "Snapshots of Gender and Sexual Relations in 1920s São Paulo in Patrícia Galvão's Industrial Park: A Proletarian Novel". Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Campos, Augusto de (2014-10-06). Pagu – Vida e obra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Companhia das Letras. ISBN 9788543801551.
- ^ Neves, Juliana Cunha Lima (2005). Geraldo Ferraz e Patrícia Galvão: a experiência do suplemento literário do "Diário de S. Paulo", nos anos 40 (in Portuguese). Annablume. ISBN 9788574195544.
- ^ Toledo, Roberto Pompeu (October 22, 2010). "Dona Veridiana e Pagu: ícones femininos Se uma cultivou café, a outra é a introdutora da soja no Brasil". Veja São Paulo. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- ^ "MARTÍN CAMPS". Modern Poetry in Translation. Arts Council England. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- ^ Galvão, Patrícia (1993). Parque industrial : romance proletario = Industrial park : a proletarian novel. Elizabeth Jackson, K. David Jackson, Richard Eckersley. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7041-0. OCLC 27810303.
- ^ Noland, E. W. (1950-12-01). "THE CULTURE OF INDUSTRIAL MAN. By Paul Meadows. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1950. 216 pp. $3.75". Social Forces. 29 (2): 213–215. doi:10.2307/2571677. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 2571677.
Further reading
edit- Bocskay, Stephen. “Carnaval é para os outros: sexo, classe e a condição feminina em Parque Industrial de Patrícia Galvão” Chasqui 50.1 (2021).