Panorpa communis, the common scorpionfly,[1] is a species of scorpionfly.
| Panorpa communis | |
|---|---|
| |
| P. communis male with prey | |
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| P. communis female | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mecoptera |
| Family: | Panorpidae |
| Genus: | Panorpa |
| Species: | P. communis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panorpa communis | |
Distribution
editThis species is native to Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, and European Russia)[2] and Northern Asia.[3][4][5]
Habitat
editThese scorpionflies can be usually found in hedgerows and patches of nettle.[6]
Description
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Panorpa communis can reach a body length of about 30 millimetres (1.2 in).[6] The common scorpionfly has a black and yellow body, with a reddish head and tail. The male has a pair of claspers at the end of its tail (for holding the female during mating),[6] giving it a scorpion-like appearance,[6] although it is not a stinger.
The adult insect has a wingspan of about 35 millimetres (1.4 in),[6] with wings that are mostly clear, but have many dark spots or patches. Its head, mounted with large eyes, is drawn into a prominent, downward pointing beak,[6] which opens at the tip of its head. Females are longer, heavier, and have longer legs than males.[7]
In the female, the eighth abdominal segment is the shortest, almost twice shorter than the seventh; the sixth is narrowed towards the back.[8] The larva resembles a caterpillar and grows up to 20 millimetres (0.79 in) long. It has three pairs of thoracic legs and eight pairs of prolegs.[9]
Biology and habits
editThe adult is seen between May and September.[6] They eat dead insects (although they sometimes eat live aphids), sometimes taking them from spider webs[6] and plant sap.[10]
Although fully winged, the adults rarely fly very far and spend much of their time crawling on vegetation in damp, shaded places near water and along hedgerows. Panorpa communis is a univoltine species.[6] Eggs are laid in soil annually and the larvae both scavenge and pupate there.[6]
Mating behavior
editMales release pheromones and offer nuptial gifts to females in the form of saliva secretions and nuptial prey (usually dead arthropods).[11] Before offering the nuptial gifts, the male and female, perform ritualized premating behavior, which includes slow wing movements, accompanied by brief sequences of rapid vibrations from their abdomen.[11] The mating success of females increases with the size of nuptial gifts offered by the male.[11]
Gallery
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Mating (female on the right) -
Head detail -
Wing detail -
Male genitalia -
Video clip
References
edit- ^ in Kendall Bioresearch
- ^ Mariánské Lázně, Tři Sekery, Czech Republic; Dvořák, Libor; Ruchin, Alexander B.; Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny»; Egorov, Leonid V.; Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny»; Prisursky State Nature Reserve; Aleksanov, Victor V.; Parks Directorate of the Kaluga Region; Alekseev, Sergey K.; Parks Directorate of the Kaluga Region; Shulaev, Nikolai V.; Kazan Federal University; Zakharova, Elena Yu.; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology RAS (2023). "Distribution of species from the genus Panorpa (Mecoptera, Panorpidae) in European Russia except the Caucasus". Nature Conservation Research. 8 (1). doi:10.24189/ncr.2023.001.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fauna europaea
- ^ "Catalogue of life". Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
- ^ Range at GBIF
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j UK Safari
- ^ Burrows, M. (2019-01-01). "Jumping and take-off in a winged scorpion fly (Mecoptera, Panorpa communis )". Journal of Experimental Biology. 222 (Pt 18). doi:10.1242/jeb.205385. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 31439653.
- ^ F. C. Fraser: Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Vol. I. part 12 and 13. Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera. London: Royal Entomological Society of London, 1959, s. 8–10
- ^ Strange animals
- ^ "food" in uksafari.com
- ^ a b c Hartbauer, Manfred; Gepp, Johannes; Hinteregger, Karin; Koblmüller, Stephan (August 2015). "Diversity of wing patterns and abdomen-generated substrate sounds in 3 European scorpionfly species". Insect Science. 22 (4): 521–531. Bibcode:2015InsSc..22..521H. doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12139. ISSN 1672-9609. PMC 4768358. PMID 24818592.
External links
edit- Peter Holden, Geoffrey Abbott RSPB Handbook of Garden Wildlife
- Bloomsbury Concise Garden Wildlife Guide