Puning (Chinese: 普宁 / 普寧; Mandarin: Pǔníng; Teochew: Pou2 leng5), officially Puning City, is a county-level city located in Eastern Guangdong, China, under the administration of the city, Jieyang. Nevertheless, its administrative power in economic matters is comparable to that of prefecture-level cities.[ref 1] Puning is geographically situated on the west rim of Chaoshan Plain, leaning against the stretching branch of the Lianhua Mountains at its southwest border, and 90 percent of its territory sits on the south of the Tropic of Cancer. The city has a population of 2.5089 million under its household registration system hukou,[ref 2] marking the largest in all county-level cities in China.[ref 3] Puning's downtown residents amount to 581,900, behind Yiwu,[ref 4] while the entire city's resident population of 1.9986 million is second to cities Kunshan and Jinjiang.[ref 5] It is concurrently the ancestral hometown of 1.95 million overseas Chinese people and 1.4 million 'returned overseas Chinese people' (overseas Chinese who 'returned' to China and/or regained Chinese citizenship) and family members of overseas Chinese people.
Puning
普宁市 / 普寧市 | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Location of Puning within Guangdong | |
  Puning Location of the city center in Guangdong | |
| Coordinates: 23°17′53″N 116°09′58″E / 23.298°N 116.166°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Guangdong |
| Prefecture-level city | Jieyang |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,620 km2 (630 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 10.5 m (34.4 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 1,998,619 |
| • Density | 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 5153** |
| Area code | (0)663 |
| Licence plates | 粤V (Yuè V) |
| Website | Puning Government Website |
Puning, having been a key trade hub in eastern Guangdong, was upgraded from county to city status in 1993.[ref 6] It is one of the first 'Chinese textile cities'[ref 7] and where the project 'Chinese TCM Cities' was first launched.[ref 8] Textile and apparel and medicine industries are local pillars,[ref 9] topping or coming second in Guangdong county economies since 2003. It also entered the list of the One Hundred Best Counties and Cities for Health Industry in 2020 by Xiaokang series of Qiushi magazine.[ref 10]
Historically, Puning was one of the eight counties of Chaoshan. In the mid-1900s, the Hakka region, which was historically part of the Huizhou Prefecture, was incorporated into Puning's territory. Subsequently, the city also welcomed back 'returned overseas Chinese' and 'family members of overseas Chinese' due to the political situation in Southeast Asia. The cultures of the various clans formed the multilingual, multicultural landscape of Puning, where customs and traditions differ across the towns and villages. It is recognised as a Chinese Folk Culture Art Village by the Ministry of Culture, China.
Etymology
edit'Puning' is the pinyin transliteration of the city in Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin or putonghua. It is also known as 'Pou Leng', Poh Leng, or Pho Leng in the Chaoshan language, also known as Chaoshan Min or Swatow dialect . It was named after the historical county of the same name, which dates back to the Ming dynasty of China. According to Puning Xian Zhilue (A Brief Account of Puning County), Guangdong Tongzhi (Comprehensive Records of Guangdong), Ming Shi (History of Ming),[ref 11] and Chao Zhong Zaji (Miscellaneous Accounts of Chaozhou),[ref 12] the name 'Puning' was given in 1563, after the phrase pubian ningmi, meaning universally serene. Versions mentioned the county's original name as Pu'an[ref 13] or Anpu,[ref 14] but this was refuted by an inscription on the external walls of a Lords of the Three Mountains temple in Guiyu, Chaoyang, discovered in 1986.[ref 15]
In 1949, the seat of Puning County was administered as Puning City. The City's territory was split in 1950. In 1993, Puning County upgraded to become Puning City, while the original 'Puning City' became its city centre.
History
editBefore its founding
edit
The habitation of humans in the territory of Puning dates back to the New Stone Age, evident in archaeological findings, such as the Hutou Pu Old Kilns Site (虎头埔古窑址) in Mianyuan Village, Guangtai Town, discovered in 1982. The tomb of a Sinicised Baiyue person, discovered in Songbaiwei Village, Lihu Town, illustrates that by the end of the Eastern Han period, Central Plains (Zhongyuan) culture had been introduced into Puning.[ref 16]
During the Pre-Qin era, the succeeding political regimes on Zhongyuan did not have any de facto administration of Puning and its surrounding regions. It was incorporated into Zhongyuan territories during the Qin and Han dynasties, but there had never been any clear administrative borders in the regions.
Ming and Qing
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In 1558, Zhang Lian started a rebellion in Raoping and Dabu of eastern Chaozhou (Teochew) Prefecture and subsequently declared himself Emperor of the Feilong Empire. It was suppressed by the Ming Government in 1562.
Republic of China
editIn the 1860s many Southern Chinese were caught up in the various Internal conflicts and later in the Foreign conflicts. Later many Families ended up in Hawaii, the Philippines, Hong Kong and even in Thailand and Cambodia. Some of the educated classes married into Japanese Society. Other fled seeking Gold in USA and Australia and others became Traders across Asia.
Beijing Government
edit
Xinhai Revolution and Constitutional Protection War
editIn October 1911, the National Revolution Army (NRA) started a rebellion in Wuchang, while Fang Cishi (1887-1915) of the Tongmenghui dispatched troops in Puning. Guangdong declared its independence from the Qing Empire the following month and abolished the Chaozhou Prefecture, rendering counties such as Puning under the control of the Governor of Guangdong. Liu Renchen from the Tongmenghui also led his troops into Puning's city area. As a result, there were 13 different rival commanding officers in the Chaoshan region, all from different factions of the NRA. Meanwhile, influential figures in the county Puning supported Fang Zhiting as the county chief,[ref 17] while Zhao Diyun was, on the other hand, appointed Chief of Civil Affairs by Fang Cishi under the name of the Chaoshan Military Government. However, Zhao's appointment was short-lived as he was hindered by local officials and influential figures.[ref 17] In April 1912, the Deputy Governor of Guangdong, Chen Jiongming, sent his trusted aide, Chen Juemin, as the Civil Affairs Chief. The administrative division of Chaodun Circuit was established in 1914 and Puning was drawn into it; the Circuit was abolished in 1920.
In 1917, Duan Qirui led his troops to attack southern China after he abolished the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, while Sun Yat-sen established the Constitutional Protection Junta in Guangzhou, sparking the Constitutional Protection Movement. Both armies fought outside the city walls of Puning, in the villages of Wuli and Minggang.[ref 18] On 25 May 1921, Puning was brought under the control of Chen Jiongming's forces once again.
National Revolution
edit
On 12 March 1925, Chiang Kai-shek, He Yingqin, and Zhou Enlai led the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) to defeat Chen's forces in Lihu of eastern Puning. On 2 November 1925, the NRA arrived in the city area of Puning, and Zhou made speeches there to raise funds for the army. On the same year, the Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou announced that the Chaozhou (Teochew) and Meizhou regions came under the rule of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang; KMT). Fang Zhiting was appointed the chief of Puning while Fang Zhanying became the acting Prosecutor.
The Puning Farmers' Association established the Farmers' Free City under the Peifeng Tower located in the suburb in February 1926, and founded the Farmers' Self-Defence Army in December of the same year, attacking the city twice.
The Shanghai massacre in April 1927 had a repercussion on the county of Puning. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Puning branch joined forces with left-wing KMT members to stage an armed riot on 23 April, and subsequently set up the first county-level revolutionary regime led by the CCP through armed conflict three days later at the Chen (Tan) clan ancestral shrine in Jiujiang, Daba. The CCP declared war against Chiang Kai-shek in a public address to the Chinese nation.[ref 19] However, the Farmers' Free City regime and the CCP's Provisional People's Government regime ceased their activities as they lost their battle to the KMT.
Nanjing Government
editCivil war and infrastructure development
editIn October 1927, the Nanchang Uprising forces retreated to Liusha and conducted a military conference in Liusha Christian Church on 3 October. The uprising forces were attacked and defeated by Chen Jitang's forces.
In 1928, Peng Pai led the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army into Puning and met up with remnant forces of the Nanchang Uprising, to discuss setting up a revolutionary base in the Dananshan Mountain area.
War against Japanese Army
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Resumption of civil war and communist takeover
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People's Republic of China
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Geography
editClimate
edit| Climate data for Puning (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
37.4 (99.3) |
37.2 (99.0) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
38.1 (100.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
16.3 (61.3) |
22.3 (72.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
0.7 (33.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.4 (1.83) |
54.5 (2.15) |
104.6 (4.12) |
186.8 (7.35) |
274.5 (10.81) |
378.4 (14.90) |
329.8 (12.98) |
361.4 (14.23) |
215.1 (8.47) |
52.1 (2.05) |
43.9 (1.73) |
47.2 (1.86) |
2,094.7 (82.48) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.8 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 16.8 | 19.2 | 16.6 | 17.3 | 12.0 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 140.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 74 | 72 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 159.4 | 119.3 | 115.9 | 135.4 | 166.2 | 187.9 | 246.7 | 224.0 | 211.5 | 215.6 | 187.3 | 171.5 | 2,140.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 47 | 37 | 31 | 36 | 40 | 46 | 60 | 56 | 58 | 60 | 57 | 52 | 48 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[1][2] | |||||||||||||
Politics and administration
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Administrative divisions
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Economy
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Demographics
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Education
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Culture
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Cuisine
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Architecture
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Literature
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Festivals
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Sports
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Transport
editThe Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway stops at Puning railway station along the high-speed Coastal Corridor.
Attractions
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Notable people from Puning
edit- Cai Cheng - Chinese politician
- Ke Hua - Chinese politician, diplomat, and father of Ke Lingling
- Ke Lingling - former wife of Xi Jinping and daughter of Ke Hua
- Chuang Shih-ping - Chinese-born Hong Kong businessman
- Chan Tung - Chinese-born Hong Kong celebrity chef and TV host
- Chen Xinren - Chinese diplomat
- Zheng Zeguang - current Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom
- Zhou Zhenhong - Chinese politician
- Fang Zong'ao - Chinese scholar, economist, jurist, law professor, and economics professor
Sister cities
editAs of May 2013, Puning established friendly relations with seven other cities in mainland China.
| Country | Province | Sister City | Friendship forged |
|---|---|---|---|
 People's Republic of China |
Zhejiang | Yueqing | 8 October 1996 |
| Liaoning | Haicheng | 25 March 1993 | |
| Jiangsu | Jiangyin | 23 December 1992 | |
| Hubei | Qianjiang | 28 August 1993 | |
| Jilin | Ji'an | 1 May 1997 | |
| Sichuan | Langzhong | 9 December 2010[ref 20] | |
| Zhejiang | Yiwu | 13 May 2013[ref 21] |
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Puning City People's Government: 发展概况 Archived 2009-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 普宁市统计局、国家统计局普宁调查队 (29 April 2021). "2020 年普宁市国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (PDF). Puning City People's Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2021.
- ^ "中国县域人口图鉴：河南百万人口大县最多 近百县市人口不足5万" (in Simplified Chinese). Sina Finance. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "这22个县级市城区人口规模堪比地级市，义乌最大普宁第二" (in Simplified Chinese). 第一财经. 21 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "百万人口大县达91个：昆山居首，江苏浙江均占10席以上" (in Simplified Chinese). 第一财经. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ 陈朝辉、蔡人群、许自策：《潮汕平原经济》广东人民出版社，1994年
- ^ "今日往事" (in Simplified Chinese). 江门日报. 24 December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
- ^ ""中国中药名城"试点首选普宁" (in Simplified Chinese). 南方日报. 17 November 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "普寧市兩大支柱產業 ：紡織服裝、醫藥產業" (in Traditional Chinese). 香港文汇报. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ 谁在引领健康产业走向下一个高地——“2020中国健康产业百佳县市”出炉.小康,2020年10期
- ^ 《明史》卷四十五
- ^ [明] 郭子章:《潮中杂纪》卷1《郡县释名》
- ^ [清] 乾隆《大清一统志》广东卷
- ^ [清] 顾祖禹:《读史方舆纪要》卷103《广东四·潮州府》
- ^ 陈竞飞：《去思碑与普宁县名》，1988年
- ^ 黄挺：《潮汕史简编》暨南大学出版社 2017年12月
- ^ a b 十兄、一士：《民国普宁县署轶事》，1990年
- ^ 1988年版《普宁县志》，普宁市地方志编纂委员会编，广东人民出版社，1995年7月
- ^ 《中共普宁党史》中共党史出版社，1994年
- ^ "四川閬中市與廣東普寧市結成友好城市" (in Traditional Chinese). 大公報. 13 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "我市与广东普宁市 "喜结金兰"" (in Simplified Chinese). 义乌新闻网. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.