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=== Forms of government ===
Forms of government can be classified by several ways. In terms of level of vertical integration, they can be divided into (from most to least integrated) [[Confederation|confederations]], [[Federation|federations]], and [[Unitary state|unitary states]]. In terms of the structure of power, there are [[Monarchy|monarchies]] (including [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]]) and [[Republic|republics]] (usually [[Presidential system|presidential]], [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]], or [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]). The source of power determines the difference between [[Democracy|democracies]], [[Oligarchy|oligarchies]], and [[Autocracy|autocracies]].
There are many forms of government. One form is a strong central government as in France and China. Another form is local government, such as the ancient divisions in England that are comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic. These two forms helped to shape the practice of [[federal government]], first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901, [[Australia]]. Federal states introduced the new principle of agreement or [[contract]]. Compared to a [[federation]], a [[confederation]] has a more dispersed system of [[judicial power]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diffen.com/difference/Confederation_vs_Federation|title=Confederation vs. Federation|last=|first=|date=|website=Diffen|publisher=Diffen LLC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030607/https://www.diffen.com/difference/Confederation_vs_Federation|archive-date=26 June 2018|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref> In the [[American Civil War]], the argument by the Confederate States that a State could [[secede]] from the Union was deemed unconstitutional by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|supreme court]].<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Texas v. White et al|reporter=U.S.|vol=74|opinion=700|date=1869|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&case=1134912565671891096&hl=en&oi=scholarr#p726%20725}}[[Google Scholar]]. Retrieved February 25, 2019. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829054939/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1134912565671891096&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr#p726%20725|date=August 29, 2018|format=}}.</ref>
[[File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg|thumb|{{legend|#00e000;|Federal states}}{{legend|#0000b0;|[[Unitary state]]s}}{{legend|#e1e1e1;|No government}}]]
[[File:The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_pathway_of_regional_integration_or_separation.png|thumb|The pathway of regional integration or separation]]
{{Forms of government}}A federation (also known as a federal state) is a [[political entity]] characterized by a [[Political union|union]] of partially [[Federated state|self-governing provinces, states, or other regions]] under a central [[Federation#Federal governments|federal government]] ([[federalism]]). In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Federations were formed first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901, [[Australia]]. Compared to a [[federation]], a [[confederation]] has less centralized power.
 
According to Aristotle, states are classified into [[monarchies]], [[aristocracy|aristocracies]], [[Timocracy|timocracies]], [[democracies]], [[oligarchies]], and [[tyrannies]]. Due to changes across the history of politics, this classification has been abandoned.
 
All states are varieties of a single organizational form, the sovereign state. All the [[great powers]] of the modern world rule on the principle of [[sovereignty]]. Sovereign power may be vested on an individual as in an [[autocracy|autocratic government]] or it may be vested on a group as in a constitutional government.
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