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Tropical Storm Lee (2011)

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For other uses, see Tropical Storm Lee (disambiguation).

Tropical Storm Lee was the twelfth named storm and thirteenth system overall of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season, developing from a broad tropical disturbance over the Gulf on September 1. It was designated as Tropical Storm Lee the next day. Due to the large size, as well as the slow forward movement of the storm, heavy rainfall has occurred, and prolonged rainfall is expected in the southern Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida panhandle.[1] The storm is expected to drop 10–15 inches (250–380 mm) of rain in coastal areas of those states, or as much as 20 inches (510 mm) in some areas.[2] Lee was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in Louisiana since Hurricane Gustav in 2008.

Tropical Storm Lee
Tropical storm (SSHWS/NWS)
Tropical Storm Lee nearing landfall in Louisiana
FormedSeptember 2, 2011
DissipatedSeptember 5, 2011
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 60 mph (95 km/h)
Lowest pressure986 mbar (hPa); 29.12 inHg
Fatalities2 direct, 1 indirect
Areas affectedLouisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida Panhandle
Part of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season

Meteorological history

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In late August 2011, much of the western Caribbean came under the influence of abundant tropical moisture.[3] Combined with favorable upper diffluence, the moisture allowed for a perpetual area of disturbed weather to form; this in return contributed to the genesis of a weak tropical wave, or an elongated low-pressure feature at the lower levels of the atmosphere.[4] The wave initiated a more or less westward, then west-northwestward drift across the Yucatán Peninsula toward the Gulf of Mexico, although it remained largely disorganized while doing so.[5][6] After arriving in the gulf on August 31, the system failed to develop much under initially high wind shear; however, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecast some potential for the formation of a tropical cyclone in a day or two.[7] Strong convection increased mainly to its east during the next day,[8] and by 2300 UTC data from a reconnaissance aircraft confirmed the presence of a closed circulation center. At this point, the system was considered sufficiently organized to be upgraded to a tropical depression, with its center located 255 mi (360 km) to the southwest of the mouth of the Mississippi River.[9]

 
The precursor depression to Lee over the northern Gulf of Mexico

Situated within an area of weak steering currents, the depression remained nearly stationary during the initial stages of its existence.[10] It exhibited a poor organization at the time; the circulation remained elongated, with a broad center of light winds removed from the sheared convective mass.[9][11] Over the course of September 2 the convection began to deepen over its eastern portion,[12] which later translated into an increase in the winds. Based on this, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lee at 1800 UTC.[13] Lee meandered erratically north-northwestward to northward for the rest of the day, and with a small upper low advecting dry air into the circulation any deep convection over its western semicircle remained scarce during that time.[14][15] By September 3, the storm sustained a large radius of maximum winds within the still elongated circulation; this unusual structure to purely tropical cyclones, combined with an overall hybrid appearance on satellite images, suggested Lee supported subtropical characteristics.[16]

Stalling off the coast of Louisiana, the storm's windfield continued to expand and increase in strength, though two separate low-level centers became evident within the exceedingly large circulation later that day.[17] Due to a large portion of circulation remaining over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, Lee weakened more slowly than a typical tropical cyclone would as it moves inland.[18] Lee finally moved inland over south-central Louisiana on the morning of September 4.[19] By that evening, Lee had weakened to a tropical depression, due to land interaction and continental air being advected into the system. Lee had begun to interact with a strong upper-level trough in the Mississippi Valley as it continued to move off to the east-northeast.[20] It was designated a post-tropical low adjacent to the trough on the morning of September 5.

Preparations and impact

In advance of the storm, oil companies in the Gulf of Mexico ordered the evacuation of employees from offshore platforms as a safety precaution.[21] At least 169 of the 617 manned production platforms, as well as 16 of 62 drilling rigs were evacuated in the area, reducing daily production by about 660,000 oil barrels and 1.7 billion cu ft of gas.[22] A tropical storm warning was posted from Pascagoula, Mississippi westward to Sabine Pass, Texas in response to Lee.[23] Early on September 3, the warning was extended to the Alabama–Florida border. In addition, a tropical storm watch was in place from the border eastward to Destin, Florida.[24]

Louisiana

 
Lee on September 2, 2011, after reaching near-peak strength

Mayor Mitch Landrieu declared a state of emergency for all of New Orleans; officials accordingly ordered the closure of floodgates and the preparation of rescue boats across the city.[25] In Grand Isle, many residents headed out of town after officials issued voluntary evacuations, and boat owners secured their vessels.[26] Additionally, the Louisiana parishes of Terrebonne and Lafourche issued flash flood warnings after specialists forecast torrential rainfall,[27] and sandbags were distributed at several coastal locations.[28] Headwinds from Lee fanned a large fire in Natchitoches Parish; about 400 acres of land, including 10 adjacent homes and several buildings, were set ablaze and subsequently destroyed.[29]

Mississippi

In light of heavy rainfall forecast for coastal areas, much of southern Mississippi was under a flash flood watch until the passage of the storm. A state of emergency was ordered for Jackson County; local fire stations initiated in the free distribution of sandbags, and the harbor was closed off to all transient vessels.[30] Similar preparations took place in Hancock County, where officials issued voluntary evacuations for low-lying areas.[31] Gulf Islands National Seashore ordered the immediate closure of all of the state's barrier islands, while its present visitors were instructed to leave.[32]

Alabama

As the storm moved northward, heavy rain spread into Alabama beginning on September 4. Two deaths were reported in the state; one person drowned in surf east of Fort Morgan and another person died in a storm-related automobile accident in Mobile. Numerous tornadoes were also reported in the state.[33]

Texas

Despite bringing little rain to Texas, Lee produced gusts and rough surf along its coasts. Offshore Galveston, a man drowned after losing control of his bodyboard due to strong winds.[34] As Lee headed north inland over the Gulf Coast, high winds were reported as fueling up to sixty separate brush fires across Texas, which suffered from severe drought conditions at the time.[35] The largest of these occurred near Austin and wed out roughly 17,500 acres of land, prompting tens of thousands to evacuated and destroying about 300 homes.[36] In Gregg County, another fire burned down a home, which resulted in the deaths of two of its occupants. The fires burned down more than 32,000 acres of land and demolished an estimated 424 residences.[35]

See also

Reference

  1. ^ "Tropical Storm Lee: Flood Threat and Drought Denter". The Weather Channel. 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  2. ^ Shapley, Dan (2011-09-02). "Tropical Storm Lee Is a "Super Soaker"". The Daily Green. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  3. ^ Formosa, Mike (2011-08-30). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  4. ^ Walton, Corey (2011-08-30). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  5. ^ Brown, Dan (2011-08-31). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  6. ^ Pasch, Richard (2011-08-31). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  7. ^ Wallace, Patricia (2011-08-31). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  8. ^ Pasch, Richard; Cangialosi, John (2011-09-01). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  9. ^ a b Brown, Dan; Avila, Lixion (2011-09-01). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  10. ^ Brown, Dan (2011-09-02). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  11. ^ Beven, Jack (2011-09-02). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  12. ^ Stewart, Stacy (2011-09-02). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  13. ^ Stewart, Stacy (2011-09-02). "Tropical Storm Lee Advisory Number 4 A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  14. ^ Stewart, Stacy (2011-09-02). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  15. ^ Brown, Dan (2011-09-02). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  16. ^ Beven, Jack (2011-09-03). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  17. ^ Stewart, Stacy (2011-09-03). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  18. ^ Pasch, Richard (2011-09-04). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number eleven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  19. ^ Stewart, Stacy (2011-09-04). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Twelve". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  20. ^ Brennan, Michael (2011-09-04). "Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number Fourteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  21. ^ CNN Wire Staff (2011-09-01). "Tropical depression forms in Gulf; coastal states brace for storm". CNN. Retrieved 2011-09-02. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ Staff Reporter (2011-09-02). "Tropical Storm Lee headed for Gulf Coast as Louisiana residents prepare for the worst". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  23. ^ Avila, Daniel (2011-09-01). "Tropical Depression Thirteen Special Advisory Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-02. {{cite web}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help)
  24. ^ Brown, Daniel (2011-09-03). "Tropical Storm Lee Advisory Number 6". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  25. ^ Staff reporter (2011-09-02). "Tropical Storm Lee triggers states of emergency along Gulf". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  26. ^ Rodriguez, Maya (2011-09-02). "Grand Isle a ghost town as Lee approaches". WWL-TV. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  27. ^ Heisig, Eric (2011-09-02). "Drivers urged to stay off rainy roads". The Houma Courier. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  28. ^ Unattributed (2011-09-02). "Sand Bag Locations". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  29. ^ Associated Press (2011-09-02). "Crews battling major fire in Natchitoches Parish". The Republic. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  30. ^ Harris, Donna (2011-09-02). "Jackson County declares state of emergency". Sun Herald. The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  31. ^ Pender, Geoff (2011-09-02). "Voluntary evacuation issued in Hancock County". Sun Herald. The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  32. ^ Kirgan, Harlan (2011-09-02). "Mississippi barrier islands closing due to Tropical Storm Lee". Mississippi Press. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  33. ^ Dugan, Kelli (2011-09-05). "Tropical Storm Lee spawns tornadoes on Gulf Coast". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  34. ^ Gaston, Ashley (2011-09-03). "Tropical Storm Lee to blame for 1 death in Galveston Beach". KFDM. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  35. ^ a b Forsyth, Jim. "Two dead in Texas wildfires, Perry to return". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-09-05. {{cite web}}: Text "2011-09-05" ignored (help)
  36. ^ Associated Press (2011-09-05). "Wildfire destroys 300 homes near Texas capital, prompts Perry to cut short South Carolina trip". Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
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