The Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus), less commonly known as a hemippe,[2] an achdari,[3][4] or a Mesopotamian or Syrian onager,[5] is an extinct subspecies of onager native to the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding areas. It ranged across present-day Iraq, Palestine, Israel, Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey.
| Syrian wild ass | |
|---|---|
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| A Syrian wild ass in London Zoo, 1872 | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Perissodactyla |
| Family: | Equidae |
| Genus: | Equus |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | †E. h. hemippus
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| Trinomial name | |
| †Equus hemionus hemippus I. Geoffroy, 1855
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| Synonyms | |
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Equus hemionus syriacus | |
Description
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The Syrian wild ass, one metre high at its shoulder,[6] was the smallest equine, and it could not be domesticated.[7] Its coloring changed with the seasons—a tawny olive coat for the summer months, and pale sandy yellow for the winter.[6][8] It was known, like other onagers, to be untameable, and was compared to a thoroughbred horse for its beauty and strength.[7]
Distribution and habitat
editThe Syrian wild ass lived in deserts, semi-deserts, arid grasslands, and mountain steppes. Native to West Asia, they were found in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq.
Ecology and behavior
editDiet
editThe Syrian wild ass was a grazer and a browser. It fed on grass, herbs, leaves, shrubs, and tree branches.
Predation
editSyrian wild asses were preyed upon by Asiatic lions,[9] Arabian leopards, striped hyenas, Syrian brown bears, Arabian wolves, and Caspian tigers. Asiatic cheetahs and golden jackals may have also preyed on foals.
Relationship with humans
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The bones of a Syrian wild ass have been identified at an 11,000 year-old archaeological site at Göbekli Tepe, Turkey.[10] Cuneiform from the third millennium BCE report the hunting of an 'equid of the desert' (anše-edin-na), valued for its meat and hide, which may have been E. h. hemippus.[11] Although Syrian wild asses were not themselves domesticated, a significant breeding center at Tell Brak produced a hybrid of the wild ass and the donkey, called the kunga, that was a draft animal of high economic and symbolic value to the elite of Syria and Mesopotamia.[11][12][13] They appear in cuneiform inscriptions and their bones are found in burials from the third millennium BCE. The size of these hybrids, larger than modern examples of both parent species, has led to speculation that the Syrian wild asses used historically in breeding the kunga were of larger size than the individuals observed in the remant populations of the 18th and 19th centuries.[11]
Assyrian art from the 7th century BCE found at Nineveh includes a scene of hunters capturing Syrian wild asses with lassos.
Xenophon of Athens mentions Syrian wild asses in his Anabasis of ~370 BCE. He reports that they were the most common of animals encountered in Syria; in addition to ostriches, bustards, and gazelles. Xenophon states that horsemen would occasionally chase the asses, with the asses easily able to outrun the horses. He said that asses would only run a short distance ahead of the horses before stopping, waiting for the horses to get closer, and then running ahead yet again. He described the asses as impossible to catch without careful planning. Xenophon also related that the meat of the asses tasted like a more tender version of venison.
It is believed this may be the "wild ass" that Ishmael was prophesied to be in Genesis in the Old Testament. References also appear in the Old Testament books of Job, Psalms, Jeremiah, and the Deuterocanonical book of Sirach.[14] The Qur’an, the main book of Islam, in Surat al-Muddaththir, refers to a scene of humur (Arabic: حُـمـر, 'asses' or 'donkeys' in plural form, حمار singular) fleeing from a qaswarah (Arabic: قَـسـورة, 'lion'). This was to criticize people who were averse to Muhammad's teachings, such as supporting the welfare of the less wealthy.[9]
Later hybrids
editIn addition to the Bronze Age kunga, a couple of modern hybrids were produced by the London Zoo in the late 19th century. In 1878, a Syrian wild ass was crossed with an Indian wild ass (a different subspecies), and in 1883 an inter-species cross between a Syrian wild ass male and an Abyssinian wild ass female produced a foal that was colored like the sire, and described as "a fine animal" but "vicious and untamed".[15]
Extinction
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European travelers in the Middle East during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries reported seeing large herds.[14] However, its numbers began to drop precipitously during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries due to overhunting, and its existence was further imperiled by the regional upheaval of World War I. The last known wild specimen was fatally shot in 1927 at al Ghams near the Azraq oasis in Jordan, and the last captive specimen died the same year at the Tiergarten Schönbrunn, in Vienna.[16]
Replacement
editAfter the extinction of the Syrian wild ass, the Persian onager from Iran was chosen as an appropriate subspecies to repopulate the Middle East as a replacement for the extinct E. h. hemippus onagers. The Persian onager was then introduced to the protected areas of Saudi Arabia and Jordan. It also was reintroduced, along with the Turkmenian kulan, to Israel, where they both reproduce wild ass hybrids in the Negev Mountains and the Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve.
Related subspecies
edit- Mongolian wild ass (khulan), Equus hemionus hemionus
- Turkmenian kulan (kulan), Equus hemionus kulan
- Indian wild ass (khur), Equus hemionus khur
- Persian onager (gur), Equus hemionus onager
References
edit- ^ Moehlman, P.D.; Feh, C. (2015). "Equus hemionus ssp. hemippus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7962A3144566. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7962A3144566.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "hemippe". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
- ^ Bowling, Ann T.; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (2000-05-18). The Genetics of the Horse. CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-925-8.
- ^ Gilbert, Allan S. (2002-01-01). "The Native Fauna of the Ancient Near East". In Collins, Billie Jean (ed.). A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 64. Brill. pp. 1–75. doi:10.1163/9789047400912_002. ISBN 9789047400912.
- ^ Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen J.G.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding. CABI. p. 48. ISBN 9781845934668.
- ^ a b Harper, Francis (1945). "Syrian Wild Ass". Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. Special publication / American Committee for International Wild Life Protection ; no. 12. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. pp. 367–371. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023915971. LCCN 46000560. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ a b Samuel Sidney (1893). The Book of the Horse. Cassell & Co. Ltd. p. 180.
- ^ Mazin B. Qumsiyeh (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. p. 191. ISBN 0-89672-364-X. — syrian wild ass
- ^ a b Quran 74:41–51
- ^ Gorman, James (14 January 2022). "The kunga was a status symbol long before the thoroughbred". Science. New York Times. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ a b c Bennett, E. Andrew; Weber, Jill; Bendhafer, Wejden; Chaplot, Sophie; Peters, Joris; Schwartz, Glenn M.; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva-Maria (2022). "The genetic identity of the earliest human-made hybrid animals, the kungas of Syro-Mesopotamia". Science Advances. 8 (2): eabm0218. Bibcode:2022SciA....8..218B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm0218. PMC 8759742. PMID 35030024. S2CID 245963400.
- ^ Dolce, Rita (2014). "Equids as Luxury Gifts at the Centre of Interregional Economic Dynamics in the Archaic Urban Cultures of the Ancient Near East". Syria: Archéologie, Arte et Histoire. 91 (91): 55–75. doi:10.4000/syria.2664.
- ^ Weber, Jill A. (2017). "Elite equids 2: seeing the dead". In Marjan Mashkour; Mark Beech (eds.). Archaeozoology of the Near East. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 340–352.
- ^ a b Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer & Fabry, Heinz-Josef (2003). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 12. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 73–76. ISBN 0-8028-2336-X.
- ^ Gray, Annie P. (1954). Mammalian Hybrids: A checklist with bibliography. Farnham Royal, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. pp. 49, 55–56.
- ^ Maas, Peter. "Equus hemionus hemippus". The Extinction Website. Archived from the original on 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2009-11-20.