Thracia or Thrace (Ancient Greek: Θρᾴκη, romanized: Thrakē) is the ancient name given to the southeastern Balkan region, the land inhabited by the Thracians. Thrace was ruled by the Odrysian kingdom during the Classical and Hellenistic eras, and briefly by the Greek Diadochi ruler Lysimachus, but became a client state of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire as the Sapaean kingdom. Roman emperor Claudius annexed the kingdom as a Roman province in 46 AD.
| c. 480 BC–c. 30 BC | |||||||||||||||||
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 The Odrysian kingdom under king Sitalces (c. 431–424) | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Uscudama (c. 480–330 BC) [citation needed] Seuthopolis (c. 330–250 BC) | ||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Thracian Greek (used in writing and among trade and administration) Thraco-Illyrian | ||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Thracian polytheism | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Classical antiquity | ||||||||||||||||
• Foundation | c. 480 BC | ||||||||||||||||
| 340 BC | |||||||||||||||||
• Rebellion of Seuthes III | c. 330 | ||||||||||||||||
• Destruction of Seuthopolis | c. 250 | ||||||||||||||||
• Conquest of Odrysian heartlands by the Sapaeans | c. 30 BC | ||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||
• Total | 150,000 km2 (58,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Bulgaria Greece Turkey Romania | ||||||||||||||||
| Provincia Thracia ἐπαρχία Θρᾳκῶν | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province of the Roman Empire | |||||||||||
| 46–c. 680 AD | |||||||||||
 The province of Thracia within the Roman Empire, c. 125 AD | |||||||||||
| Capital | Heraclea Perinthus (modern-day Marmara Ereğlisi, Turkey) | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Classical antiquity | ||||||||||
• Annexation of Thracian client state | 46 | ||||||||||
• Division by Diocletian | 293 | ||||||||||
• Theme of Thrace established | c. 680 AD | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | Bulgaria Greece Turkey | ||||||||||
Confines
editFrom the perspective of classical Greece, Thracia included the territory north of Thessaly, with no definite boundaries,[2] sometimes to the inclusion of Macedonia and Scythia Minor.[3] Later, Thracia proper was understood to include the territory bordered by the Danube on the north, by the Black Sea on the east, by Macedonia in the south and by Illyria to the west,[3] roughly equivalent with the territory of the Thracian kingdom as it stood during the 5th to 1st centuries BC.
With the annexation of the Thracian kingdom by the Roman Empire, by order of emperor Claudius, in AD 46, Thracia (formally provincia Thracia "Thracian province", ἐπαρχία Θρᾳκῶν "eparchy of the Thracians") was established as a Roman province. After the administrative reforms of the 3rd century, Thracia was reduced to the territory of the six small provinces of the Diocese of Thrace. Later still, the medieval Byzantine theme of Thracia contained only what today is Eastern Thrace.
Under the Principate
editThe Odrysian kingdom of Thrace became a Roman client kingdom c. 20 BC, while the Greek city-states on the Black Sea coast came under Roman control as civitates foederatae ("allied" cities with internal autonomy). After the death of the Thracian king Rhoemetalces III in 46 AD and an unsuccessful anti-Roman revolt, the kingdom was annexed as the Roman province of Thracia.[4]
The new province encompassed not only the lands of the former Odrysian realm, but also the north-eastern portion of the province of Macedonia as well as the islands of Thasos, Samothrace and Imbros in the Aegean Sea. To the north, Thracia bordered the province of Moesia Inferior; initially, the provincial boundary ran at a line north of the Haeumus Mountains, including the cities of Nicopolis ad Istrum and Marcianopolis in Thracia, but by the end of the 2nd century AD the border had moved south along the Haemus. The area of the Thracian Chersonese (modern Gallipoli Peninsula) was excluded from its governor's purview and administered as part of the emperor's personal domains.[5] The province's first capital, where the Roman governor resided, was Heraclea Perinthus. Thracia was an imperial province, headed initially by a procurator, and, after c. 107/109, by a legatus Augusti pro praetore. Otherwise, the internal structure of the old Thracian kingdom was retained and only gradually superseded by Roman institutions. The old tribal-based strategiai ("generalcies"), headed by a strategos ("general"), were retained as the main administrative divisions, but some villages were grouped together into kōmarchiai ("village headships") or subordinated to neighbouring cities (the two Roman colonies of colonia Claudia Aprensis and colonia Flavia Pacis Deueltensium and several Greek cities, many of whom were founded by Trajan), which were set apart. In the mid-1st century, the strategiai numbered fifty, but the progressive expansion of the cities and the land assigned to them reduced their number: by the early 2nd century, they had decreased to fourteen, and c. 136 they were abolished altogether as official administrative divisions.[6]
Septimius Severus (r. 193–211), frequently traveled through Thrace during his military campaigns from 193 to 198, first during his war with Pescennius Niger and later against the Parthians. The city of Perinthus, which backed Severus, was granted the prestigious title of neokoros twice, alongside the permission to hold crown festivals in his honor. Severus also allowed Anchialus to organize seuereia festivals, possibly as a reward for its support during the civil war.[7]
As it was an interior province, far from the borders of the Empire, and having a major Roman road (Via Egnatia) that passed through the region, Thrace remained peaceful and prosperous until the Crisis of the Third Century, when it was repeatedly raided by Goths from beyond the Danube. During the campaigns to confront these raiders, Emperor Decius (r. 249–251) fell in the Battle of Abritus in 251. Thracia suffered especially heavily in the great Gothic seaborne raids of 268–270, and it was not until 271 that Emperor Aurelian (r. 270–275) was able to secure the Balkan provinces against Gothic raids for some time to come.[8]
Generally, the provincial and urban policy of Roman emperors, with the foundation of several cities of Greek type (city-state),[9] contributed more to the progress of Hellenization than to the Romanization of Thrace. So by the end of Roman antiquity, the phenomenon of Romanization occurs only upon the Lower Moesia, while Thrace lying south of the Haemus mountains had been almost completely Hellenized.[10]
As regards the Thracian dispersion outside the borders (extra fines provinciae), from epigraphic evidence we know the presence of many Thracians (mostly soldiers) throughout the Roman Empire from Syria and Arabia to Britain.[11][12]
Late antiquity
editUnder the administrative reforms of Diocletian (r. 284–305), Thracia's territory was divided into four smaller provinces: Thracia, Haemimontus, Rhodope and Europa.
The new province of Thracia comprised the northwestern portion of the old province, i.e. the upper valley of the Hebrus river between Haemus and Rhodope and including Philippopolis (in Thracia), which had become the provincial capital in the early 3rd century. It was headed by a governor with the rank of consularis.
The four Thracian provinces, along with the two provinces of Moesia Inferior, were grouped into the diocese of Thraciae, which in turn was part of the Prefecture of the East. Militarily, the entire region was under the control of the magister militum per Thracias.[13]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "In Hellenistic Thrace, the double axe was an attribute of Zalmoxis, the god of thunder. It is also depicted on coins of Thrace as the symbol of the kings of the Odrysae, who considered Zalmoxis the ancestor and protector of the royal house."[1]
References
edit- ^ Kouremenos 2016, p. 46.
- ^ Swinburne Carr, Thomas (1838). The history and geography of Greece. Simpkin, Marshall & Company. p. 56.
- ^ a b Smith, Sir William (1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography. London. p. 1176.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Soustal (1991), pp. 59–60
- ^ Soustal (1991), p. 60
- ^ Soustal (1991), pp. 60–61
- ^ Bertolazzi, Riccardo (2024). "The Severan Augustae as Mistresses of the World". In Hoffmann-Salz, Julia; Heil, Matthäus; Wienholz, Holger (eds.). The Eastern Roman Empire under the Severans: Old Connections, new Beginnings?. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-3-647-30251-5.
- ^ Soustal (1991), p. 62
- ^ D. Samsaris, Historical Geography of Western Thrace during the Roman Antiquity (in Greek), Thessaloniki 2005
- ^ [1] D. Samsaris, The Hellenization of Thrace during the Greek and Roman Antiquity (Diss. in Greek), Thessaloniki 1980
- ^ D. Samsaris, Les Thraces dans l' Empire romain d' Orient (Le territoire de la Grece actuelle). Etude ethno-demographique, sociale, prosopographique et anthroponymique, Jannina 1993 (University of Jannina)
- ^ D. Samsaris, Les Thraces dans l' Empire romain d' Orient (Asie Mineure, Syrie, Palestine et Arabie), Dodona 19 (1), 1989, p. 5-30
- ^ Soustal (1991), pp. 62–63
Sources
edit- Soustal, Peter (1991). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 6: Thrakien (Thrakē, Rodopē und Haimimontos) (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-1898-8.
External links
edit- Map of the Roman state according to the Compilation notitia dignitatum
- Place-names[dead link] in the Compilation notitia dignitatum