Transvaginal oocyte retrieval (TVOR), also referred to as oocyte retrieval (OCR), is a technique used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) in order to remove oocytes from an ovary, enabling fertilization outside the body.[1] Transvaginal oocyte retrieval is more properly referred to as transvaginal ovum retrieval when the oocytes have matured into ova, as is normally the case in IVF. It can be also performed for egg donation, oocyte cryopreservation and other assisted reproduction technology such as ICSI.
Procedure
editUnder ultrasound guidance, the operator inserts a 16.5 gauge × 11.8″ (1.6 mm × 300 mm outer diameter) needle through the vaginal wall and into an ovarian follicle, taking care not to injure nearby organs and blood vessels. The other end of the needle is attached to a suction device. Once the follicle is entered, suction is carefully applied to aspirate follicular fluid containing cellular material, including the oocyte. The suction device must maintain a pressure of -140 mmHg (necessary to aspirate rapidly, but not enough to damage the follicles) and a temperature of approximately 37 °C. The follicular fluid is delivered to a technician in the IVF laboratory to identify and quantify the ova. Once the ovarian follicles have been aspirated on one ovary, the needle is withdrawn and the procedure is repeated on the other ovary. It is not unusual to remove 20 oocytes as patients are generally hyperstimulated in advance of this procedure. After completion, the needle is withdrawn, and hemostasis is achieved. The procedure usually lasts 10–20 minutes. Once the extraction is done, the sample is analyzed in the microscope to select and carry out the oocyte decumulation, a process where the granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte are removed.
Initially performed using transabdominal ultrasonography, TVOR is currently performed with a transvaginal ultrasound transducer with an attached needle.[2] TVOR is performed in an operating room or a physician's office, with the (female) subject in the lithotomy position. TVOR is usually performed under procedural sedation,[3] general anesthesia,[4] paracervical block,[5] or sometimes spinal anesthesia.[6] Local anesthesia is not typically used because local anesthetic agents interfere with follicular cleavage and the technique requires multiple needle punctures.[7]
This technique must be done very delicately, without stimulating the uterus, so that contractions do not occur. Minimizing patient anxiety is desirable to favor efficacy.
Adjunctive procedures
editFollicular flushing has not been found to increase pregnancy rates, nor result in an increase in oocyte yield. On the other hand, it requires a significantly longer operative time and more analgesia.[8]
Seminal fluid contains several proteins that interact with epithelial cells of the cervix and uterus, inducing active gestational immune tolerance. There are significantly improved outcomes when patients are exposed to seminal plasma around the time of oocyte retrieval, with statistical significance for clinical pregnancy, but not for ongoing pregnancy or live birth rates with the limited data available.[9]
Timing
editTVOR is typically performed after ovarian hyperstimulation, where oocytes are pharmacologically stimulated to mature. When the ovarian follicles have reached a certain degree of development, induction of final oocyte maturation is performed, generally by an intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).[10] TVOR is typically performed 34–36 hours after hCG injection, when the eggs are fully mature but just prior to rupture of the follicles.[10][11]
Complications
editInjection of hCG as a trigger for ovulation confers a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, especially in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who have been hyperstimulated during previous assisted reproduction cycles.[12]
Complications of TVOR include injury to pelvic organs, hemorrhage, and infection. Occurring more often in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian hemorrhage after TVOR is a potentially catastrophic and not so rare complication.[13] Additional complications may result from the administration of intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. These include asphyxia caused by airway obstruction, apnea, hypotension, and pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents.
Propofol-based anesthetic techniques result in significant concentrations of propofol in follicular fluid. As propofol has been shown to have deleterious effects on oocyte fertilization (in a mouse model), some authors have suggested that the dose of propofol administered during anesthesia should be limited, and also that the retrieved oocytes should be washed free of propofol.[14] Anecdotal evidence suggests that certain airborne chemical contaminants and particles, especially volatile organic compounds (VOC), may be toxic to and impair the growth and development of embryos if present in sufficient concentrations in the ambient atmosphere of an IVF incubator.[15][16]
Endometriosis seems to cause a challenge for TVOR that may have reflection on individual surgeon's performance rates for the procedure, independently from the diameter of a pre-existing ovarian endometrioma (OMA) or ovarian adhesions. Obesity is another factor that may present a challenge for the procedure.[17]
History
editThis technique was first developed by Pierre Dellenbach and colleagues in Strasbourg, France, and reported in 1984.[18] Steptoe and Edwards used laparoscopy to recover oocytes when IVF was introduced, and laparoscopy was the major method of oocyte recovery until TVOR was introduced.
References
edit- ^ "Performing ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval: RCN guidance for fertility nurses" (PDF). London: Royal College of Nursing. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2006. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Killick, S (2006). "Ultrasound and fertility". In Bates, J (ed.). Practical gynaecological ultrasound (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–5. ISBN 9780521674508.
- ^ Yasmin E, Dresner M, Balen A (December 2004). "Sedation and anaesthesia for transvaginal oocyte collection: an evaluation of practice in the UK" (PDF). Human Reproduction. 19 (12): 2942–5. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh526. PMID 15388681.
- ^ Sequeira PM (2011). "Anesthesia for in vitro fertilization". In Urman RD, Gross WL, Philip BK (eds.). Anesthesia outside of the operating room (1st ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 198–205. ISBN 9780195396676.
- ^ Bumen S, Gunusen I, Firat V, Karaman S, Akdogan A, Tavmergen Goker EN (2011). "A comparison of intravenous general anesthesia and paracervical block for in vitro fertilization: effects on oocytes using the transvaginal technique". Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 41 (5): 801–8. doi:10.3906/sag-1009-1101.
- ^ Viscomi CM, Hill K, Johnson J, Sites C (January 1997). "Spinal anesthesia versus intravenous sedation for transvaginal oocyte retrieval: reproductive outcome, side-effects and recovery profiles". International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. 6 (1): 49–51. doi:10.1016/S0959-289X(97)80052-0. PMID 15321311.
- ^ Saxena R, Sood J, Kumra VP (2005). "Comparison of various sedation techniques for transvaginal oocyte retrieval in a daycare set up" (PDF). Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 49 (2): 16–21.
- ^ Farquhar, Cindy; Marjoribanks, Jane (2018-08-17). Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group (ed.). "Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of Cochrane Reviews". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (8): CD010537. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub5. PMC 6953328. PMID 30117155.
- ^ Crawford, G.; Ray, A.; Gudi, A.; Shah, A.; Homburg, R. (Mar–Apr 2015). "The role of seminal plasma for improved outcomes during in vitro fertilization treatment: review of the literature and meta-analysis". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (2): 275–284. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu052. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 25281684.
- ^ a b Stelling JR, Chapman ET, Frankfurter D, Harris DH, Oskowitz SP, Reindollar RH (2003). "Subcutaneous versus intramuscular administration of humanchorionicgonadotropin during an in vitro fertilization cycle". Fertility and Sterility. 79 (4): 881–5. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04918-X. PMID 12749424.
- ^ Kovacs, P (2004). "HCG injection after ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate". Medscape. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Oyawoye OA, Chander B, Hunter J, Gadir AA (2005). "Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome by Early Aspiration of Small Follicles in Hyper-responsive Patients With Polycystic Ovaries During Assisted Reproductive Treatment Cycles". Medscape General Medicine. 7 (3): 60. PMC 1681679. PMID 16369286.
- ^ Liberty G, Hyman JH, Eldar-Geva T, Latinsky B, Gal M, Margalioth EJ (2008). "Ovarian hemorrhage after transvaginal ultrasonographically guided oocyte aspiration: a potentially catastrophic and not so rare complication among lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome". Fertility and Sterility. 93 (3): 874–9. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.028. PMID 19064264.
- ^ Christiaens, F; Janssenswillen, C; Verborgh, C; Moerman, I; Devroey, P; Van Steirteghem, A; Camu, F (February 1999). "Propofol concentrations in follicular fluid during general anaesthesia for transvaginal oocyte retrieval" (PDF). Human Reproduction. 14 (2): 345–8. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.2.345. PMID 10099976.
- ^ Cohen J, Gilligan A, Esposito W, Schimmel T, Dale B (1997). "Ambient air and its potential effects on conception in vitro". Human Reproduction. 12 (8): 1742–9. doi:10.1093/humrep/12.8.1742. PMID 9308805.
- ^ Cohen J, Gilligan A, Willadsen S (June 1998). "Culture and quality control of embryos". Human Reproduction. 13 (Suppl 3): 137–44. doi:10.1093/humrep/13.suppl_3.137. PMID 9755420.
- ^ Kasapoğlu, Işıl; Türk, Pınar; Dayan, Aylin; Uncu, Gürkan (September 2018). "Does the presence of endometriosis cause a challenge for transvaginal oocyte retrieval? A comparison between patients with and without endometriosis". Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 19 (3): 151–157. doi:10.4274/jtgga.2017.0146. ISSN 1309-0399. PMC 6085525. PMID 29545228.
- ^ Dellenbach P, Nisand I, Moreau L, Feger B, Plumere C, Gerlinger P, Brun B, Rumpler Y (June 30, 1984). "Transvaginal, sonographically controlled ovarian follicle puncture for egg retrieval". Lancet. 1 (8392): 1467. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91958-5. PMID 6145902. S2CID 41098471.
Further reading
edit- Bracha J.; Lotan M.; Zakut H. (1988). "Ovarian abscess following cesarean section. A case report and review of the literature". Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology. 15 (4): 134–6. PMID 2976616.
- Coroleu B.; Lopez-Mourelle F.; Hereter L.; et al. (1997). "Ureteral lesion secondary to vaginal ultrasound follicular puncture for oocyte recovery in in-vitro fertilization". Human Reproduction. 12 (5): 948–50. doi:10.1093/humrep/12.5.948. PMID 9194645.
- Dicker D.; Ashkenazi J.; Feldberg D.; et al. (1993). "Severe abdominal complications after transvaginal ultrasonographically guided retrieval of oocytes for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer". Fertility and Sterility. 59 (6): 1313–1315. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55997-4. PMID 8495784.
- Tsen, LC (2002). "From Darwin to desflurane: anesthesia for assisted reproductive technologies" (PDF). IARS Review Course Lectures. San Francisco: International Anesthesia Research Society: 109–13.