The True Jesus Church (TJC) is a non-denominational Christian Church that originated in Beijing, China, during the Pentecostal movement in the early twentieth century.[2] The True Jesus Church is currently one of the largest Christian groups in China and Taiwan,[3] as well as one of the largest independent churches in the world.[4]
 The True Jesus Church Olive Garden Training Centre, Port Dickson, Malaysia | |
| Abbreviation | TJC |
|---|---|
| Established | 1917 |
| Founder | Paul Wei |
| Founded at | Beijing, China |
| Type | Christian Church |
| Headquarters | Lakewood, California |
Area served | 60+ countries |
| Membership | 1,500,000–3,000,000[1] (2013) |
Official language | English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, German, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Russian, Vietnamese |
Key people | Paul Wei, Ling-Sheng Zhang, and Barnabas Zhang (early workers) |
Main organ | International Assembly |
| Affiliations | Nondenominational Christianity |
| Website | tjc |
| True Jesus Church | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 真耶穌教會 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 真耶稣教会 | ||||||
| |||||||
History
editHistorically, TJC cannot claim to be the Church founded by Jesus Christ. Since TJC only existed in 1917, this unilateral claim has no historical, biblical, and accountable basis. Historically, there are only 4 Apostolic Churches in the world that originated from the time of the apostles, namely Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches & Assyrian Church of the East.
The TJC emerged independently alongside other indigenous Christian groups of that period such as the Little Flock, the Jesus Family and The Christian Tabernacle.[5]
Established in 1917, the church's early adherents in Hebei and Shandong[6] were influenced by certain charismatic practices of the Apostolic Faith Mission in China,[7] the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, especially faith healing, baptism of the Holy Spirit, footwashing, and Sabbath keeping.
Paul Wei (Wei Enbo, 1877–1919) was one of the early workers in 1917.[8] A former member of the Beijing branch of the London Missionary Society led by British missionary Samuel Evans Meech (1845–1937), Wei became a Pentecostal under the influence of Norwegian missionary to China, Bernt Berntsen. In 1917, he left Berntsen's group as the Holy Spirit had moved him. He died of tuberculosis on September 10, 1919, and the pause of his prophecy did not prevent the further growth of the TJC.[9]
TJC's other early workers included Zhang Lingsheng (1863–?), who convinced Wei that the church should maintain a seventh-day Sabbath, and Barnabas Zhang (1882–1961), who eventually left the group in 1929 and established a rival movement in Hong Kong.[10]
In mainland China, Wei's son, Wei Wenxiang (魏文祥, Isaac Wei, 魏以撒, c. 1900–?), emerged as the worker of the TJC. He also presided over TJC's international expansion to various countries and the establishment of an effective bureaucracy.[11]
By 1949, the membership grew to around 120,000 in seven hundred churches.[12] However, as a result of the Chinese Civil war and following regime change, True Jesus Church lost contact with the churches inside China. In 1951, Isaac Wei was arrested and “disappeared.” How and when he died is unknown. Li Zhengcheng (李正誠, ca. 1920–1990) replaced Isaac Wei as the main leader of the TJC and led it into joining the Three-Self Patriotic Movement as the government had requested. Persecution, however, came both before and during the Cultural Revolution, and Li Zhengcheng spent more than twenty years in jail. Because of the developments in China, the TJC abroad proclaimed its autonomy, with headquarters first in Taiwan and from 1985 in the U.S. The Chinese branch was however reconstituted, as part of the Three-Self Church, after the Cultural Revolution and the reforms of Deng Xiaoping and still has a substantial following in China.[13]
Today there are TJC members in more than sixty countries across six continents. According to scholars, the possible total number of members is up to 3 million.[1]
Current organization
editMainland China
editIn mainland China, most of the True Jesus Church congregations are members of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement and usually meet on Saturdays in TSPM church buildings as separate sabbatarian sub-congregations.[14] However, since TJC practices such as healing and tongues are "frowned upon"[14] in the TSPM, other congregations are independent Chinese house churches.[15]
Taiwan and the United States
editOutside China, member churches of the TJC look to the central synod of the TJC in California.[16] In 1967, church leaders from outside mainland China met for the first World Delegates Conference in Taiwan, and an international headquarters was established in Taichung, Taiwan, where a seminary was opened. The headquarters was subsequently moved to California in 1985.[10]
United Kingdom
editIn the United Kingdom, True Jesus Church congregations were established as a result of immigration patterns in the 1960s and 1970s, coming largely from Malaysia and Hong Kong, the latter especially from Ap Chau. This would result in a number of congregations being established throughout the country, particularly in Northern England and Scotland, such as Leicester, Newcastle, Sunderland, Elgin, Edinburgh and Cardiff.[17][18]
Beliefs
edit
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Practices
editThe church practices baptism via full body immersion for both adults and infants, with holy communion.[20] Speaking in tongues is practiced and usually occurs while in prayer.[2]
The church believes that the sacraments must fulfill three requirements according to the Scripture. Firstly, they must have been performed by Jesus Christ himself as an example. Secondly, the sacraments must be directly related to one's salvation, eternal life, entering the Heavenly Kingdom, and having a part with Jesus. Lastly, they must be of the sacraments which Jesus Christ instructed the disciples to perform as well. There are ten articles of faith[19] that the True Jesus Church holds in order to worship God correctly. According to them, one must speak in tongues as evidence of receiving the Holy Spirit. The mode of baptism also determines salvation. The correct mode should be with the head facing down (in the manner of Jesus' death) and only in natural ("living") water.
References
edit- ^ a b Anderson 2013, pp. 133–134.
- ^ a b Melton, J. Gordon (2005). "True Jesus Church". Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase. pp. 536–537. ISBN 978-0816069835.
- ^ Eric Patterson, Edmund Rybarczyk (2007). The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States. Lexington Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-0739155424.
- ^ Anderson, Allan (2013). An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107033993.. p. 50.
- ^ Peter Tze Ming Ng (2012). Chinese Christianity: An Interplay between Global and Local Perspectives. BRILL. p. 205. ISBN 978-9004225756.
- ^ Bays, Daniel H. (1999). Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 425. ISBN 978-0804736510.
- ^ Gerald H. Anderson (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 125. ISBN 978-0802846808.
- ^ Lambert, Tony (2006). China's Christian Millions. Oxford. pp. 59–60. quoted in Refugee Review Tribunal
- ^ Melissa Wei-Tsing Inouye, China and the True Jesus: Charisma and Organization in a Chinese Christian Church, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, 86–118.
- ^ a b Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). "True Jesus Church". Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. p. 2894. ISBN 978-1598842043.
- ^ Inouye (2018), 157–185.
- ^ Jason Kindopp, Carol Lee Hamrin (2004). God and Caesar in China: Policy Implications of Church-state Tensions. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109. ISBN 978-0815796466.
- ^ Inouye (2018), 187–259.
- ^ a b Bays, Daniel H. (2003). "Chinese Protestant Christianity Today". In Overmyer, Daniel L. (ed.). Religion in China Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0521538237.
- ^ Kupfer, Kristin (2013). "Saints, Secrets, and Salvation". In Lim, Francis Khek Gee (ed.). Christianity in Contemporary China Socio-cultural Perspectives. New York: Routledge. p. 186.
- ^ Rubinstein, Murray A. (1991). The Protestant Community on Modern Taiwan. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 129. ISBN 978-0873326582.
- ^ Liu, Garland (1998). "The Role of the True Jesus Church in Communal Development of the Chinese People in Elgin, Scotland". In Sinn, Elizabeth (ed.). The Last Half Century of Chinese Overseas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 425–446. ISBN 978-962-209-446-8.
- ^ Li Wei (1994). Three Generations, Two Languages, One Family: Language Choice and Language Shift in a Chinese Community in Britain. Multilingual Matters. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-85359-241-6.
- ^ a b True Jesus Church International Assembly. "Statement of Faith". True Jesus Church. Archived from the original on June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). "True Jesus Church". Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 2894. ISBN 978-1598842043.
Further reading
edit- Bays, Daniel H. (1995). "Indigenous Protestant Churches in China, 1900–1937: A Pentecostal Case Study". In Kaplan, Steven (ed.). Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity. New York: New York University Press. pp. 124–143. ISBN 978-0-8147-4649-3.
- Inouye, Melissa Wei-Tsing (2018). China and the True Jesus: Charisma and Organization in a Chinese Christian Church, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-092346-4.
- Lian Xi (2008). "A Messianic Deliverance for Post-Dynastic China: The Launch of the True Jesus Church in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 34 (4): 407–441. doi:10.1177/0097700408318908. S2CID 220736173.