Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (simplified Chinese: 现代汉语词典; traditional Chinese: 現代漢語詞典; pinyin: Xiàndài Hànyǔ Cídiǎn; lit. 'Modern Han Language Word Dictionary'), also known as A Dictionary of Current Chinese[2] or Contemporary Chinese Dictionary,[1] is an important[note 1] one-volume dictionary of Standard Mandarin Chinese published by the Commercial Press, now into its 7th (2016) edition. It was originally edited by Lü Shuxiang and Ding Shengshu as a reference work on modern Standard Mandarin Chinese. Compilation started in 1958 and trial editions were issued in 1960 and 1965, with a number of copies printed in 1973 for internal circulation and comments, but due to the Cultural Revolution the final draft was not completed until the end of 1977, and the first formal edition was not published until December 1978. It was the first People's Republic of China dictionary to be arranged according to Hanyu Pinyin, the phonetic standard for Standard Mandarin Chinese, with explanatory notes in simplified Chinese. The subsequent second through seventh editions were respectively published in 1983 (Reorganized Edition- now seen as the '2nd edition'), 1996 (Revised Edition- now seen as the '3rd edition'), 2002 (2002 Supplemental Edition- now seen as the '4th edition'), 2005 (5th edition), 2012 (6th edition) and 2016 (7th edition).
 A Dictionary of Current Chinese, Revised (1996) (Third Edition) | |
| Editors | Dictionary Editing Office, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室) |
|---|---|
| Language | Chinese |
| Genre | Dictionary |
| Publisher | Commercial Press Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (Chinese-English Bilingual Edition, 2002[1]) |
Publication date | December 1978 (1st edition) September 2016 (7th edition) |
| Publication place | China |
| Pages | 1894 pages |
| ISBN | 9787100124508 |
In 1994, A Dictionary of Current Chinese won China's First National Book Award.[4] The seventh edition contains about 70,000 entries including characters, words and expressions, idiomatic phrases and idioms. The dictionary is also available in digital format on CD-ROMs and Traditional Chinese digital versions.
Xiandai Hanyu Cidian was consulted in the writing of The First Series of Standardized Forms of Words with Non-standardized Variant Forms.[5]: 3
Editions
edit| Edition | Release date | Number of entries | ISBN |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trial Printing Edition (试印本) | 1960[6]: 188 | - | |
| Trial Edition (试用本) | 1965 | - | |
| Reprinting of 1965 Trial Edition (试用本) | 1977 | National Standard Book Number of China 17017·91[7] | |
| (1st) | 1978 | 56,000 | |
| Reorganization (重排本) (2nd) | 1983 | 56,000 | ISBN 7-100-00044-0 |
| Revised (修订本) (3rd) | 1996 | 60,000 | ISBN 9787100017770 |
| Traditional Characters Version, Edition 1 (繁體字版 第1版) | July 2001 | ISBN 9620702115 | |
| 2002 Supplement (2002年增补本) (4th) | 2002 | 61,000 | ISBN 9787100034777 |
| Chinese-English Bilingual Edition[1] | 2002 | ISBN 9787560031958 | |
| 5th | 26 July 2005 | 65,000 | ISBN 9787100043854 |
| 6th | 1 June 2012 | 69,000 | ISBN 9787100084673 |
| 7th | 1 September 2016 | 70,000 | ISBN 9787100124508 |
New entries in the 6th edition
edit| Type of entries | Examples in Chinese (S) | Respective Pronunciation (in Pinyin) | Remarks | Respective English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic | 产业链, 环比, 负资产, 第一桶金, 民营企业, 非公有制经济, 文化产业 | chǎnyèliàn, huánbǐ, fùzīchǎn, dìyītǒngjīn, mínyíng qǐyè, fēigōngyǒuzhì jīngjì, wénhuà chǎnyè | supply chain, compared with the last same statistical period, negative equity, first pot of gold, private enterprise, non-common ownership sector, cultural industry | |
| Social management | 医疗保险, 医改, 民调, 首问制, 调峰, 限行, 摇号, 调节税 | yīliáo bǎoxiǎn, yīgǎi, míndiào, shǒuwènzhì, tiáofēng, xiànxíng, yáohào, tiáojiéshuì | health insurance, healthcare reform, opinion poll, first asked responsibility system, peak regulation, driving restriction, (licence plate) lottery, regulatory tax | |
| Daily life | 产权证, 房贷, 群租, 二手房, 廉租房, 两限房, 动车, 屏蔽门, 高铁, 轨道交通, 车贷, 车险, 代驾, 酒驾, 醉驾 | chǎnquánzhèng, fángdài, qúnzū, èrshǒufáng, liánzūfáng, liǎngxiànfáng, dòngchē, píngbìmén, gāotiě, guǐdào jiāotōng, chēdài, chēxiǎn, dàijià, jiǔjià, zuìjià | property right certificate, home loan, group-oriented leasing, second-hand home, low-rent housing, apartment with double limitations, multiple unit/power car, platform screen door, high-speed rail, rail transport, car loan, car insurance, designated driving, drunk driving (0.02%<BAC<0.08%), drunk driving (BAC>0.08%) | |
| New lifestyle | 拼车, 拼购, 团购, 网购, 网聊, 瘦身, 塑身, 茶叙, 自驾游, 自助游, 背包客 | pīnchē, pīngòu, tuángòu, wǎnggòu, wǎngliáo, shòushēn, sùshēn, cháxù, zìjiàyóu, zìzhùyóu, bēibāokè | carpooling, shop-pooling, group buying, online shopping, online chatting, slimming, body shaping, tea gathering, self-drive tour, DIY travel, backpacker | |
| IT and Internet | 播客, 博客, 博文, 跟帖, 超媒体, 电子书, 电子政务, 内联网, 物联网, 网评, 网瘾, 微博, 云计算 | bōkè, bókè, bówén, gēntiě, chāoméitǐ, diànzǐshū, diànzǐ zhèngwù, nèiliánwǎng, wùliánwǎng, wǎngpíng, wǎngyǐn, wēibó, yúnjìsuàn | podcast, blog, blog post, follow-up thread, hypermedia, e-book, e-government, Intranet, Internet of Things, online comment, Internet addiction, microblog, cloud computing | |
| Starting with letters | CPI, PPI, PM2.5, ETC, ECFA, FTA | Read according to English pronunciation | Native terms: 居民消费价格指数,[9] 工业生产者出厂价格指数, 细颗粒物, 电子不停车收费, 海峡两岸经济合作框架协议, 自由贸易协定 | CPI, PPI, PM2.5, ETC, ECFA, FTA (Free-trade Agreement) |
| Loanwords from English | 晒, 博客, 微博, 丁克, 粉丝, 嘉年华, 桑拿, 舍宾, 斯诺克, 脱口秀 | shài, bókè, wēibó, dīngkè, fěnsī, jiāniánhuá, sāngná, shěbīn, sīnuòkè, tuōkǒuxiù | 微博 < 微 (micro-) + abbr. of 博客, 粉丝 < "fans" | share (to tell to another), blog, microblog, DINK, fan, carnival, sauna, shaping (sport), snooker, talk show |
| Loanwords from Japanese | 刺身, 定食, 寿司, 天妇罗, 榻榻米, 通勤, 手帐, 数独 | cìshēn, dìngshí, shòusī, tiānfùluō, tàtàmǐ, tōngqín, shǒuzhàng, shùdú | Original forms and readings (in Japanese): sashimi (刺身), teishoku (定食), sushi (寿司), tenpura (天婦羅), tatami (畳), tsūkin (通勤), techō (手帳), sūdoku (数独) | sashimi, teishoku (set meal), sushi, tempura, tatami, commute, diary/appointment book, sudoku |
| Terms from Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau | 八卦, 搞掂 (or 搞定), 狗仔队, 无厘头, 手信, 饮茶 | bāguà, gǎodiān (or gǎodìng), gǒuzǎiduì, wúlítóu, shǒuxìn, yǐnchá | gossip, fixed/handled, paparazzi, funky, souvenir, yum cha | |
| Terms from Taiwan | 软体, 硬体, 网路, 数位, 太空人, 幽浮, 捷运, 呛声, 力挺, 糗, 出糗, 拜票, 谢票, 站台 | ruǎntǐ, yìngtǐ, wǎnglù, shùwèi, tàikōngrén, yōufú, jiéyùn, qiàngshēng, lìtǐng, qiǔ, chūqiǔ, bàipiào, xièpiào, zhàntái | software, hardware, network, digital, astronaut, UFO, rapid transit, provoke, in support of, embarrassing, make a fool of oneself, Canvass for votes, thank for votes, show up and support |
Traditional Chinese edition
editA traditional Chinese edition was published in 2001 by the Commercial Press (Hong Kong). It contains about 60,000 entries, with all entries labeled with Zhuyin alongside Hanyu Pinyin.
- 現代漢語詞典（繁體版） [A Dictionary of Current Chinese (Traditional Chinese edition)]. 2001. ISBN 9789620702112.
- 現代漢語詞典－繁體版光盤 [A Dictionary of Current Chinese - Traditional Chinese CD-ROM Version]. ISBN 9789620702143.
Controversies
editXiandai Hanyu Cidian had given discriminatory explanations to certain words and phrases. An example was the word "homosexuality" (simplified Chinese: 同性恋; traditional Chinese: 同性戀; pinyin: tóngxìngliàn). From the first edition in the 1970s (the entry in that edition is 同性恋爱 tóngxìng liàn'ài - literally 'same-sex love')[10] to the fifth edition in 2005 of Xiandai Hanyu Cidian, the definition of the term had been "determined" as "a type of psychological perversion".[11] In the 2012 6th edition & 2016 7th edition, the term was redefined as "sexual behaviour between persons of the same sex".[12][13]
In the sixth edition, even though it contains a large number of new vocabulary, the word 同志 Tóngzhì ("comrade") which is an informal term for "a homosexual person", was not included in the dictionary.[14] This could be because the term is often construed as a sarcastic reference to the Chinese Communist Party, according to Sociology Professor Ding Xueliang of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.[14] The original term is a common form of political address in China, e.g. Comrade Hu Jintao, Comrade Wen Jiabao.[14]
Some detractors complained that "Entries starting with the Western alphabet" section in the 6th edition allegedly violated the regulation - "Chinese language publications shall comply with the norms and standards of the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese language" in laws such as the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language and Publication Control Regulations of the State Council (State Council Act No. 594). The act of using English vocabulary in the main body of a Chinese dictionary, and using English to substitute for Chinese characters, according to these detractors, will cause the greatest damage to the Chinese characters since the romanization of Chinese, and will have a long-term negative impact on the language.[15]
The publisher, the Commercial Press, replied that the section is meant just for easy references when looking up the dictionary. The Commercial Press says that according to a rule stated in a 2010 document by the State Council Office Secretariat, alphabetical entries recorded in Chinese dictionaries written by state authorities did not have corresponding Chinese translations. Hence, it is absolutely fine to include them in dictionaries.[16]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Used in the compilation of a list of official pronunciations for the Putonghua Proficiency Test.[3]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed. (2002). 现代汉语词典 [Contemporary Chinese Dictionary] (Chinese-English Bilingual ed.). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. ISBN 9787560031958.
- ^ from Simplified Chinese Preface: "{...}商务印书馆出版的汉语词典，如《现代汉语词典》{...}" which translated in the English Preface reads: "{...}The Commercial Press's Chinese dictionaries such as A Dictionary of Current Chinese{...}" 精选汉英词典 [Concise Chinese-English Dictionary] (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press and The Commercial Press. 2010.
- ^ 《普通话水平测试实施纲要》 [Program for Implementing the Putonghua Proficiency Test] (1st ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. 2004. p. 43. ISBN 7-100-03996-7.
本表参照{...}中国社会科学院语言研究所编辑的《现代汉语词典》(1996年7月修订第三版)编制。
- ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed. (2016-09-01). 《现代汉语词典（第七版）》 [A Dictionary of Current Chinese] (Seventh ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. p. 0 (page directly in front of page 1 of the lists of editors). ISBN 978-7-100-12450-8.
1994年第一届国家图书奖
- ^ 国家语言文字工作委员会 (20 April 2016). 第一批异形词整理表（试行） (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ 現代漢語詞典五十年 [Fifty years - A Dictionary of Current Chinese]. 2004. ISBN 7100042178.
- ^ Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed. (October 1977) [September 1973]. 现代汉语词典 [A Dictionary of Current Chinese] (in Chinese) (Probationary ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. 统一书号 (National Standard Book Number of China) 17017·91.
- ^ 3,000 New Entries Added to the Most Popular Chinese Dictionary [1]
- ^ 什么是居民消费价格指数（CPI）？ (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
- ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed. (October 1977) [September 1973]. 现代汉语词典 [A Dictionary of Current Chinese] (in Chinese) (Probationary ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. p. 1029. 统一书号 (National Standard Book Number of China) 17017·91.
同性恋爱 tóngxìng liàn'ài 男子和男子或女子和女子之間发生的恋爱关系，是一种心理变态。
- ^ 现代汉语词典(第五版) [A Dictionary of Current Chinese (Fifth Edition)]. Beijing: The Commercial Press. June 2005. p. 1368. ISBN 978-7-100-04385-4.
同性恋 tóngxìngliàn 名 同性别的人之间的性爱行为,属于性心理障碍。
- ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed. (June 2012). 现代汉语词典 [A Dictionary of Current Chinese] (Sixth ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. p. 1306. ISBN 978-7-100-09354-5. Archived from the original on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
同性恋 tóngxìngliàn 名 同性别的人之间的性爱行为。
- ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed. (1 September 2016). 现代汉语词典(第七版) [A Dictionary of Current Chinese] (Seventh ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. p. 1314. ISBN 978-7-100-12450-8.
同性恋 tóngxìngliàn 名 同性别的人之间的性爱行为。
- ^ a b c "《现代汉语词典》拒收"同志"引发热议". BBC News (in Simplified Chinese). 2012-07-18. Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
- ^ "Hundreds of researchers reported new edition of Xiandai Hanyu Cidian for violating the law". Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
- ^ "Entries like 'NBA' included in Xiandai Hanyu Cidian allegedly broke the law - Reply: Baseless Accusations". ifeng.com. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-29. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
Sources
edit- Fifty years - A Dictionary of Current Chinese (Chinese: 現代漢語詞典五十年). ISBN 7100042178.