Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, commonly known as brambles.[3][4][5] Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of Rubus species varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica.[6]
| Rubus Temporal range:
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|---|---|
| |
| Blackberry bush with ripe and unripe fruit | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Subfamily: | Rosoideae |
| Tribe: | Rubeae |
| Genus: | Rubus L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Rubus fruticosus L.[2]
| |
| Synonyms[3] | |
|
List
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Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The Rubus fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term "cane fruit" or "cane berry" applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry.[7] The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Description
editBramble bushes typically grow as shrubs (though a few are herbaceous), with their stems being typically covered in sharp prickles.[8] They grow long, arching shoots that readily root upon contact with soil,[9] and form a soil rootstock from which new shoots grow in the spring.[10] The leaves are either evergreen or deciduous, and simple, lobed, or compound.[8] The shoots typically do not flower or set fruit until the second year of growth (i.e. they are biennial).[10] The rootstock is perennial.[11] Most species are hermaphrodites with male and female parts being present on the same flower.[8] Bramble fruits are aggregate fruits formed from smaller units called drupelets.[10]
Around 60-70% of species of Rubus are polyploid (having more than two copies of each chromosome), with species ranging in ploidy from diploid (2x, with 14 chromosomes[12]) to tetradecaploid (14x).[13]
Taxonomy
editModern classification
editRubus is the only genus in the tribe Rubeae.[14]
Rubus is very complex, particularly within the blackberry/dewberry subgenus (Rubus), with polyploidy, hybridization, and facultative apomixis apparently all frequently occurring, making species classification of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of systematic botany. In publications between 1910 and 1914, German botanist Wilhelm Olbers Focke attempted to organize the genus into 12 subgenera, a classification system that since became widely accepted, though modern genetic studies have found that many of these subgenera are not monophyletic.[6]
Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other Rubus subgenera (such as the raspberries) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, with R. idaeus and R. strigosus both recognized; if these species are combined, then the older name R. idaeus has priority for the broader species).
The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within Rubus, with the largest subgenus (Rubus) in turn divided into 12 sections. Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A comprehensive 2019 study found subgenera Orobatus and Anoplobatus to be monophyletic, while all other subgenera to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.[15]
Phylogeny
editThe genus has a likely North American origin,[15] with fossils known from the Eocene-aged Florissant Formation of Colorado, around 34 million years old.[16] Rubus expanded into Eurasia, South America, and Oceania during the Miocene.[15] Fossil seeds from the early Miocene of Rubus have been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin.[17] Many fossil fruits of †Rubus laticostatus, †Rubus microspermus and †Rubus semirotundatus have been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[18]
Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.[19]
Species
edit
Better-known species of Rubus include:
- Rubus aboriginum – garden dewberry
- Rubus allegheniensis – Allegheny blackberry
- Rubus arcticus – Arctic raspberry
- Rubus argutus
- Rubus armeniacus – Himalayan blackberry
- Rubus caesius – European dewberry
- Rubus canadensis – smooth blackberry
- Rubus chamaemorus – cloudberry
- Rubus cockburnianus – white-stemmed bramble
- Rubus coreanus – bokbunja
- Rubus crataegifolius
- Rubus deliciosus
- Rubus domingensis
- Rubus ellipticus
- Rubus flagellaris – northern dewberry
- Rubus fraxinifolius – mountain raspberry
- Rubus glaucus
- Rubus hawaiensis
- Rubus hayata-koidzumii
- Rubus hispidus – swamp dewberry
- Rubus idaeus – red raspberry
- Rubus illecebrosus
- Rubus laciniatus – cut-leaved blackberry
- Rubus leucodermis – whitebark raspberry
- Rubus moluccanus
- Rubus nepalensis
- Rubus nivalis – snow raspberry
- Rubus niveus
- Rubus occidentalis – black raspberry
- Rubus odoratus – purple-flowered raspberry
- Rubus parviflorus – thimbleberry
- Rubus pedatus
- Rubus pensilvanicus – Pennsylvania blackberry
- Rubus phoenicolasius – wineberry
- Rubus probus
- Rubus pubescens – dwarf raspberry
- Rubus rosifolius
- Rubus saxatilis – stone bramble
- Rubus spectabilis – salmonberry
- Rubus tricolor
- Rubus trivialis – Southern dewberry
- Rubus ulmifolius – elm-leaved blackberry
- Rubus ursinus – trailing blackberry
- Rubus vestitus – European blackberry
A more complete subdivision is as follows:
Hybrid berries
editThe term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus Rubus which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As Rubus species readily interbreed and are apomicts (able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries (R. ursinus, R. fruticosus) and raspberries (R. idaeus). The British National Collection of Rubus stands at over 200 species and, although not within the scope of the National Collection, also hold many cultivars.[20][21]
The hybrid berries include:-[22]
- loganberry (California, U.S., 1883) R. × loganobaccus, a spontaneous hybrid between R. ursinus 'Aughinbaugh' and R. idaeus 'Red Antwerp'
- boysenberry (U.S., 1920s) a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus
- nectarberry Suspected variant of boysenberry, a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus
- olallieberry (U.S., 1930s) a hybrid between the loganberry and youngberry, themselves both hybrid berries
- veitchberry (Europe, 1930s) a hybrid between R. fruticosus and R. idaeus
- skellyberry (Texas, U.S., 2000s), a hybrid between R. invisus and R. phoenicolasius
- marionberry (1956) now thought to be a blackberry cultivar R. 'Marion'
- silvanberry, R. 'Silvan', a hybrid between R. 'Marion' and the boysenberry
- tayberry (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry hybrid
- tummelberry, R. 'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding programme as the tayberry
- hildaberry (1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry hybrid discovered by an amateur grower
- youngberry, a complex hybrid of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries
Etymology
editThe generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ruber, meaning "red".[23]
The blackberries, as well as various other Rubus species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles. However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The scientific study of brambles is known as "batology". "Bramble" comes from Old English bræmbel, a variant of bræmel.[5]
See also
edit- Mulberry, an unrelated deciduous tree with similar looking fruit
References
edit- ^ "Rubus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "Rubus L.". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ a b "Rubus L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ Brouillet, Luc (2014). "Rosaceae (subfam. Rosoideae) tribe Rubeae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 9. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b "the definition of bramble". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ^ a b Huang, Ti-Ran; Chen, Jian-Hui; Hummer, Kim E.; Alice, Lawrence A.; Wang, Wen-He; He, Yi; Yu, Sheng-Xiang; Yang, Ming-Feng; Chai, Tuan-Yao; Zhu, Xiang-Yun; Ma, Lan-Qing; Wang, Hong (April 2023). "Phylogeny of Rubus (Rosaceae): Integrating molecular and morphological evidence into an infrageneric revision". Taxon. 72 (2): 278–306. doi:10.1002/tax.12885. ISSN 0040-0262.
- ^ Klein, Carol (2009). Grow your own fruit. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-434-5.
- ^ a b c "Rubus - Trees and Shrubs Online". www.treesandshrubsonline.org. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ "Brambles and other woody weeds /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ^ a b c "Bramble or blackberry | Woodlands.co.uk". www.woodlands.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ^ "Blackberry Planting, Spacing, and Trellising". Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ "Rubus all species | GDR". www.rosaceae.org. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ "Small genomes in tetraploid Rubus L. (Rosaceae) from New Zealand and southern South America". www.ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ Chen, Xun; Li, Jinlu; Cheng, Tao; Zhang, Wen; Liu, Yanlei; Wu, Ping; Yang, Xueying; Wang, Ling; Zhou, Shiliang (February 2020). "Molecular systematics of Rosoideae (Rosaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 306 (1): 9. Bibcode:2020PSyEv.306....9C. doi:10.1007/s00606-020-01629-z. ISSN 0378-2697.
- ^ a b c Carter, Katherine A.; Liston, Aaron; Bassil, Nahla V.; Alice, Lawrence A.; Bushakra, Jill M.; Sutherland, Brittany L.; Mockler, Todd C.; Bryant, Douglas W.; Hummer, Kim E. (2019-12-20). "_target Capture Sequencing Unravels Rubus Evolution". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 1615. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01615. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 6933950. PMID 31921259.
- ^ Leopold, Estella B.; Manchester, Steven R.; Meyer, Herbert W. (2008), "Phytogeography of the late Eocene Florissant flora reconsidered", Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2008.2435(04), ISBN 978-0-8137-2435-5, archived from the original on 2024-05-24, retrieved 2021-09-23
- ^ Acta Palaeobotanica – 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 – Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin – Vasilis Teodoridis
- ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
- ^ Lawrence A. Alice & Christopher S. Campbell (1999). "Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences". American Journal of Botany. 86 (1). Botanical Society of America: 81–97. doi:10.2307/2656957. JSTOR 2656957. PMID 21680348.
- ^ National Collection of Rubus Species, Houghton, England, United Kingdom Archived 2017-09-12 at the Wayback Machine www.rubusspecies.com
- ^ "Plant Heritage – National Collections Scheme, UK Garden Plants". nccpg.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Ardle, John (July 2013). "Hybris vigour". The Garden.
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2345. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
External links
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Data related to Rubus at Wikispecies- Rubus at the Western Kentucky University
