Tamra (Arabic: طمرة, Hebrew: טַמְרָה or תַמְרָה) is an Arab city in the North District of Israel located in the Lower Galilee 5 kilometres (3 miles) north of the city of Shefa-Amr and approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) east of Acre. In 2022 it had a population of 35,834.[1]
Tamra
| |
|---|---|
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |
| • ISO 259 | Ṭámra, Támra |
 View of Tamra | |
 | |
  Tamra  Tamra | |
| Coordinates: 32°51′13″N 35°11′52″E / 32.85361°N 35.19778°E | |
| Grid position | 169/250 PAL |
| Country |  Israel |
| District | Northern |
| City Status | 1996 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mussa Abu Rumi (Islamic movement) - since 2024 |
| Area | |
• Total | 29,259 dunams (29.259 km2 or 11.297 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
• Total | 35,834 |
| • Density | 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi) |
| Name meaning | from make a pit for storing corn[2] |
History
editTamra is an ancient village on a hill. Old squared stone blocks have been reused in village homes. Cisterns and tombs carved into rock have also been found here.[3] Tamra has been identified with Kefar Tamartha, a Jewish village mentioned in the Talmud as the home of 3rd century amora Rabbi Shila of Kefar Tamarta.[4][5]
On a hill 3 km west of Tamra's historical core lies a ruin called in Arabic Khirbet et-Tira ("ruin of the castle") and in Hebrew Horbat Tirat Tamra ("Tamra castle ruin"), which has been studied by European and Israeli archaeolgists since the 19th century. The site is dated through its finds to the Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Medieval periods.[6] The site is bisected by Highway 70 and is covered the modern city's agricultural lands.[7]
A church constructed in Tamra during the Byzantine era remained active through the Umayyad and Abbasid periods before it was finally abandoned. An inscription using the hijra calendar discovered on the church's floor can be dated to AD 725.[8]
Crusader period
editIn the 1253, during the Crusader period, John Aleman, Lord of Caesarea, sold several villages, including Tamra, to the Hospitallers.[9] In 1283 it was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders, according to the hudna (temporary truce) between the Crusaders in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun.[10]
Scholars have suggested that Khirbet et-Tira may be the site of Tatura, a Crusader period settlement belonging to the Templar order. The name of the ruin might be a corruption of the Arabic toponym "Turat Tamra", from the same period. Excavation at the site revealed remains of Crusader structures destroyed by fire in the 13th century.[7]
Mamluk period
editThe village from the Mamluk period seems to have persisted until the late 16th to early 17th centuries CE. Around this time, immigrants belonging to the Zu'abiyah clan settled in what is now known as Tamra, the place where their descendants reside to this day.[11]
Ottoman period
editTamra, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 the village was located in the Nahiya of Acca, part of Safad Sanjak. The population was 22 Muslim households. They paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, occasional revenues, beehives and winter pastures; a total of 2,929 akçe.[12][13] In 1799 it was named Tomrat on the map of Pierre Jacotin.[14]
In 1859 the British Consul Rogers estimated the population to be 1,200, all Muslims, and the cultivated area 80 feddans,[15] while Victor Guérin found it in 1875 to have 800 inhabitants, all Muslim.[16]
In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Tamra as: "A large village, with a small mosque on the east and well on the north. There is a rock-cut tomb west of the houses. South of the village, in the valley, a fine olive-grove extends as far as er Rueis."[15]
A population list from about 1887 showed that Tamra had about 535 inhabitants, all Muslims.[17]
British Mandate
editAt the time of the 1922 census of Palestine Tamra had a population of 1,111, all Muslims,[18] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,258, all Muslims, in a total of 282 houses.[19]
In the 1945 statistics, Tamra had 1,830 inhabitants, all Muslims,[20] while the total jurisdiction of the village was 30,559 dunams of land.[20][21] 1,564 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 14,434 dunams for cereals,[20][22] while 206 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[20][23]
State of Israel
editTamra was captured by Israeli forces from the Arab Liberation Army and the Syrian Army in 1948 Arab–Israeli War as a part of Operation Dekel. On 20 May 1948 the civilian population had been evacuated on orders from Arab irregular forces. According to Benny Morris it was feared that the village would surrender to the Yishuv.[24] The city grew rapidly in the period of Israel's first years as a nation due to the influx of Palestinian refugees from destroyed nearby villages such as al-Birwa or al-Damun. Large percentages of the city's farming land was expropriated by Israeli authorities and allocated to farming cooperatives and nearby Jewish settlement towns such as Mitzpe Aviv. Tamra achieved local council status in 1956 and was declared a city in 1996. In 2020 the Israeli government approved plans to construct 5,270 housing units in the southern quarter. The plan includes public and transport infrastructure.[25]
The city became famous for its large dairy factory named "Rajeb-Tamra", accounting for a sizeable portion of the dairy market in Israel's Arab sector.
Demographics
editAccording to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 27,300.[26] In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was almost entirely Arab (99.6% Muslim), with no significant Jewish population. See Population groups in Israel.
According to CBS, in 2001 there were 11,900 males and 11,400 females. The population of the city was spread out, with 48.5% 19 years of age or younger, 18.0% between 20 and 29, 19.7% between 30 and 44, 9.0% from 45 to 59, 1.6% from 60 to 64, and 3.0% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.3% and 2005 had dropped to 2.5%.[27]
The largest and most influential clan in Tamra is the Diab, which consists of several branches.[28] Other clans include the Hejazi, and the smaller clans of Abd al-Hadi, Abu Na'ama, Abu Rumi, Amar, Arshid, Awwad, Kanaan, Muhsin, Nasser, Natour, Ourabi, Radi, Shama, Shaqir, Sheikh Ali and Yassin.[29] In addition to the aforementioned clans, whose presence in Tamra predates the state of Israel, the city is home to internally displaced Palestinians and their descendants from the nearby villages of al-Damun, Hadatha, Mi'ar and al-Ruways, which were depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.[30]
Income
editAccording to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 3,908 salaried workers and 375 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is ILS 2,887, a real change of −2.2% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 3,358 (no real change) versus ILS 1,977 for females (a real change of −7.6%). The mean income for the self-employed is 4,763. There are 445 people who receive unemployment benefits and 5,290 people who receive an income guarantee.
Education
editAccording to CBS, there are 13 schools and 5,779 students in the city. They are spread out as 9 elementary schools and 4000 elementary school students, and 3 high schools and 2,324 high school students. 54.6% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.
During the late 1990s sociologist As'ad Ghanem set up an NGO in Tamra. It was called Ibn Khaldun and campaigned for more Arab history to be taught in Israeli schools.[31]
Sports
editThe current football teams in the city are Maccabi Tamra and F.C. Tzeirei Tamra, both play in Liga Gimel, the fifth tier of Israeli football. Maccabi Tamra and Hapoel Bnei Tamra (which is now defunct), played in the past in Liga Artzit, having been promoted from Liga Alef in 1988 and 2006 respectively.
Notable people
edit- Mohammed Awaed (born 1997), football player for Maccabi Haifa
- Yussef Diab (1917–1984), member of the Knesset
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 117
- ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 664
- ^ Rozenfeld, Ben Tsiyon (2010). Torah centers and rabbinic activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE : history and geographic distribution. Chava Cassel. Leiden: Brill. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-474-4073-4. OCLC 695990313.
- ^ Grootkerk, Shlomo (2000-04-27). Ancient Sites in Galilee. BRILL. p. 175. doi:10.1163/9789047400271. ISBN 978-90-474-0027-1.
- ^ Gunnar Lehmann and Martin Peilstocker (2012). "Map of Ahihud - Horbat Tirat Tamra 1 (Site 59)". The Archaeological Survey of Israel.
- ^ a b Rafeh Abu Raya (17 April 2024). "Horbat Tirat Tamra: Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
- ^ Di Segni, L.; Tepper, Y. (January 2004). "A Greek Inscription Dated by the Era of Hegira in an Umayyad Church at Tamra in Eastern Galilee". Liber Annuus (in Italian). 54: 343–350. doi:10.1484/J.LA.2.303601. ISSN 0081-8933.
- ^ Delaville Le Roulx, 1883, p. 184; cited in Clermont-Ganneau, 1888, pp. 309 -310; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 319, No. 1210
- ^ al-Qalqashandi version of the hudna, referred in Barag, 1979, p. 204, no. 20
- ^ Gal, Zvi (2016-01-01), "7 Tamra: A Late Byzantine–Early Islamic Village in the Eastern Lower Galilee", Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology, Brill, p. 148, doi:10.1163/9789004306592_008, ISBN 978-90-04-30659-2, retrieved 2024-02-01
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the Safad register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 162
- ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 273
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 421-422
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 175
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 37
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 103
- ^ a b c d Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 5
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 81
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 131
- ^ Morris, 1987, p. 67
- ^ ציאון, הילה (13 December 2020). "בהליך מואץ: אושרו תוכניות ל-7,000 דירות חדשות במגזר הערבי" [In an accelerated procedure: plans for 7,000 new apartments in the Arab sector were approved]. Ynet.
- ^ "Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "Population(1) of localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural population on 31/12/2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-12.
- ^ Rosenfeld and Al-Haj 1990, p. 92.
- ^ Rosenfeld and Al-Haj 1990, pp. 91–96.
- ^ Rosenfeld and Al-Haj 1990, p. 93.
- ^ Pappe, 2011, p. 219
Bibliography
edit- Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 29: 197–217.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1888). Recueil d'archéologie orientale (in French). Vol. 1. Paris.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
- Delaville Le Roulx, J. (1883). Les archives, la bibliothèque et le trésor de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem à Malte (in French and Latin). Paris: E. Leroux.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, W.-D.; Abdulfattah, K. (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen: Fränkische Geographische Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (1987). The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947-1949. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33028-9.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Pappé, I. (2011). The Forgotten Palestinians. A History of the Palestinians in Israel. Yale. ISBN 978-0-300-13441-4.
- Rosenfeld, Henry; Al-Haj, Majid (1990). Arab Local Government in Israel. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-7761-7.
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century. Columbia University.
- Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
External links
edit- Official website (in Arabic)
- Welcome To Tamra
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Susan Nathan: An Israeli Jew in a Muslim town
- Municipality of Tamra (Israel) Flags of the World
- The Condition of the Palestinian Minority Exposed By New Book Reilly Vinall
- "Combining Empathy with Problem Solving: The Tamra Model of Facilitation in Israel" by Eileen F. Babbitt and Pamela Pomerance Steiner, with Jabir Asaqla, Chassia Chomsky-Porat, and Shirli Kirschner, Chapter 8 of 'Building Peace: Practical Reflections from the Field'
